path: root/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-common-tasks.xml

<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >

<chapter id='extendpoky'>

<title>Common Tasks</title>
    <para>
        This chapter describes standard tasks such as adding new
        software packages, extending or customizing images or porting the Yocto Project to
        new hardware (adding a new machine). 
        The chapter also describes ways to modify package source code, combine multiple 
        versions of library files into a single image, and handle a package name alias.
        Finally, the chapter contains advice about how to make changes to the 
        Yocto Project to achieve the best results.
    </para>

    <section id="understanding-and-creating-layers">
        <title>Understanding and Creating Layers</title>

        <para>
            The Yocto Project build system supports organizing <link linkend='metadata'>metadata</link> 
            into multiple layers. 
            Layers allow you to isolate different types of customizations from each other.
            You might find it tempting to keep everything in one layer when working on a single project.
            However, the more modular you organize your metadata, the easier it is to cope with future changes.
        </para>

        <para>
            To illustrate how layers are used to keep things modular, consider machine customizations.
            These types of customizations typically reside in a BSP Layer.
            Furthermore, the machine customizations should be isolated from recipes and metadata that support 
            a new GUI environment, for example. 
            This situation gives you a couple a layers: one for the machine configurations, and one for the 
            GUI environment.
            It is important to understand, however, that the BSP layer can still make machine-specific 
            additions to recipes within the GUI environment layer without polluting the GUI layer itself 
            with those machine-specific changes. 
            You can accomplish this through a recipe that is a BitBake append 
            (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) file, which is described later in this section.
        </para>

        <para>
        </para>

        <section id='yocto-project-layers'>
            <title>Yocto Project Layers</title>

            <para>
                The Yocto Project contains several layers right out of the box.
                You can easily identify a layer in the Yocto Project by the name of its folder.
                Folders that are layers begin with the string <filename>meta</filename>.
                For example, when you set up the <link linkend='yocto-project-files'>Yocto Project Files</link>
                structure, you will see several layers: <filename>meta</filename>, <filename>meta-demoapps</filename>,
                <filename>meta-skeleton</filename>, and <filename>meta-yocto</filename>.
                Each of these folders is a layer.
            </para>

            <para>
                Furthermore, if you set up a local copy of the <filename>meta-intel</filename> Git repository
                and then explore that folder, you will discover many BSP layers within the 
                <filename>meta-intel</filename> layer.
                For more information on BSP layers, see the 
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</ulink>"
                section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='creating-your-own-layer'>
            <title>Creating Your Own Layer</title>

            <para>
                It is very easy to create your own layer to use with the Yocto Project.
                Follow these general steps to create your layer:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Check Existing Layers:</emphasis> Before creating a new layer, 
                        you should be sure someone has not already created a layer containing the metadata 
                        you need.
                        You can see the
                        <ulink url='&OE_HOME_URL;/wiki/LayerIndex'><filename>LayerIndex</filename></ulink>
                        for a list of layers from the OpenEmbedded community that can be used in the 
                        Yocto Project.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Create a Directory:</emphasis> Create the directory 
                        for your layer.
                        Traditionally, prepend the name of the folder with the string
                        <filename>meta</filename>.
                        For example:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     meta-mylayer
     meta-GUI_xyz
     meta-mymachine
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Create a Layer Configuration File:</emphasis> Inside your new
                       layer folder, you need to create a <filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> file.
                       It is easiest to take an existing layer configuration file and copy that to your 
                       layer's <filename>conf</filename> directory and then modify the file as needed.</para>
                       <para>The <filename>meta-yocto/conf/layer.conf</filename> file demonstrates the 
                       required syntax:
                       <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     # We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH
     BBPATH := "${LAYERDIR}:${BBPATH}"

     # We have a packages directory, add to BBFILES
     BBFILES := "${BBFILES} ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \
                 ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend"

     BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "yocto"
     BBFILE_PATTERN_yocto := "^${LAYERDIR}/"
     BBFILE_PRIORITY_yocto = "5" 
                        </literallayout></para>
                        <para>In the previous example, the recipes for the layers are added to 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBFILES'>BBFILES</ulink></filename>. 
                        The 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBFILE_COLLECTIONS'>BBFILE_COLLECTIONS</ulink></filename>
                        variable is then appended with the layer name. 
                        The 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBFILE_PATTERN'>BBFILE_PATTERN</ulink></filename> 
                        variable is set to a regular expression and is used to match files
                        from <filename>BBFILES</filename> into a particular layer.
                        In this case, immediate expansion of 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LAYERDIR'>LAYERDIR</ulink></filename> 
                        sets <filename>BBFILE_PATTERN</filename> to the layer's path.
                        The 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBFILE_PRIORITY'>BBFILE_PRIORITY</ulink></filename> 
                        variable then assigns a priority to the layer. 
                        Applying priorities is useful in situations where the same package might appear in multiple
                        layers and allows you to choose what layer should take precedence.</para>
                        <para>Note the use of the 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LAYERDIR'>LAYERDIR</ulink></filename> 
                        variable with the immediate expansion operator.
                        The <filename>LAYERDIR</filename> variable expands to the directory of the current layer and
                        requires the immediate expansion operator so that BitBake does not wait to expand the variable 
                        when it's parsing a different directory.</para>
                        <para>Through the use of the <filename>BBPATH</filename> variable,
                        BitBake locates <filename>.bbclass</filename> files, configuration
                        files, and files that are included with <filename>include</filename> 
                        and <filename>require</filename> statements. 
                        For these cases, BitBake uses the first file with the matching name found in 
                        <filename>BBPATH</filename>.
                        This is similar to the way the <filename>PATH</filename> variable is used for binaries. 
                        We recommend, therefore, that you use unique <filename>.bbclass</filename>
                        and configuration file names in your custom layer.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Add Content:</emphasis> Depending on the type of layer, 
                        add the content.
                        If the layer adds support for a machine, add the machine configuration in 
                        a <filename>conf/machine/</filename> file within the layer.
                        If the layer adds distro policy, add the distro configuration in a
                        <filename>conf/distro/</filename> file with the layer.
                        If the layer introduces new recipes, put the recipes you need in 
                        <filename>recipes-*</filename> subdirectories within the layer.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>

            <para>
                To create layers that are easier to maintain, you should consider the following:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Avoid "overlaying" entire recipes from other layers in your 
                        configuration.
                        In other words, don't copy an entire recipe into your layer and then modify it.
                        Use <filename>.bbappend</filename> files to override the parts of the 
                        recipe you need to modify.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Avoid duplicating include files.
                        Use <filename>.bbappend</filename> files for each recipe that uses an include 
                        file.
                        Or, if you are introducing a new recipe that requires the included file, use the 
                        path relative to the original layer directory to refer to the file.
                        For example, use <filename>require recipes-core/somepackage/somefile.inc</filename>
                        instead of <filename>require somefile.inc</filename>. 
                        If you're finding you have to overlay the include file, it could indicate a 
                        deficiency in the include file in the layer to which it originally belongs.
                        If this is the case, you need to address that deficiency instead of overlaying
                        the include file.
                        For example, consider how Qt 4 database support plugins are configured.
                        The Yocto Project does not have MySQL or PostgreSQL, however OpenEmbedded's
                        layer <filename>meta-oe</filename> does.
                        Consequently, <filename>meta-oe</filename> uses <filename>.bbappend</filename>
                        files to modify the <filename>QT_SQL_DRIVER_FLAGS</filename> variable to enable 
                        the appropriate plugins. 
                        This variable was added to the <filename>qt4.inc</filename> include file in 
                        The Yocto Project specifically to allow the <filename>meta-oe</filename> layer
                        to be able to control which plugins are built.</para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist> 
            </para>

            <para>
                We also recommend the following:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Store custom layers in a Git repository that uses the 
                        <filename>meta-&lt;layer_name&gt;</filename> format.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Clone the repository alongside other <filename>meta</filename>
                        directories in  
                        <link linkend='yocto-project-files'>Yocto Project Files</link>.</para></listitem>
                 </itemizedlist>
                 Following these recommendations keeps your Yocto Project files area and 
                 its configuration entirely inside the Yocto Project's core base.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='enabling-your-layer'>
            <title>Enabling Your Layer</title>

            <para>
                Before the Yocto Project build system can use your new layer, you need to enable it.
                To enable your layer, simply add your layer's path to the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBLAYERS'>BBLAYERS</ulink></filename> 
                variable in your <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file, which is found in the 
                <link linkend='yocto-project-build-directory'>Yocto Project Build Directory</link>. 
                The following example shows how to enable a layer named <filename>meta-mylayer</filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     LCONF_VERSION = "1"

     BBFILES ?= ""
     BBLAYERS = " \
       /path/to/poky/meta \
       /path/to/poky/meta-yocto \
       /path/to/poky/meta-mylayer \
       "
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                BitBake parses each <filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> file as specified in the 
                <filename>BBLAYERS</filename> variable within the <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename>
                file.
                During the processing of each <filename>conf/layer.conf</filename> file, BitBake adds the 
                recipes, classes and configurations contained within the particular layer to the Yocto 
                Project.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='using-bbappend-files'>
            <title>Using .bbappend Files</title>

            <para>
                Recipes used to append metadata to other recipes are called BitBake append files.
                BitBake append files use the <filename>.bbappend</filename> file type suffix, while  
                underlying recipes to which metadata is being appended use the 
                <filename>.bb</filename> file type suffix.
            </para>

            <para>
                A <filename>.bbappend</filename> file allows your layer to make additions or 
                changes to the content of another layer's recipe without having to copy the other 
                recipe into your layer.
                Your <filename>.bbappend</filename> file resides in your layer, while the underlying 
                <filename>.bb</filename> recipe file to which you are appending metadata
                resides in a different layer.
            </para>

            <para>
                Append files files must have the same name as the underlying recipe.
                For example, the append file <filename>someapp_&DISTRO;.bbappend</filename> must 
                apply to <filename>someapp_&DISTRO;.bb</filename>.
                This means the original recipe and append file names are version number specific.
                If the underlying recipe is renamed to update to a newer version, the 
                corresponding <filename>.bbappend</filename> file must be renamed as well.
                During the build process, BitBake displays an error on starting if it detects a 
                <filename>.bbappend</filename> file that does not have an underlying recipe 
                with a matching name.
            </para>

            <para>
                Being able to append information to an existing recipe not only avoids duplication, 
                but also automatically applies recipe changes in a different layer to your layer.
                If you were copying recipes, you would have to manually merge changes as they occur.
            </para>

            <para>
                As an example, consider the main formfactor recipe and a corresponding formfactor 
                append file both from the 
                <link linkend='yocto-project-files'>Yocto Project Files</link>.
                Here is the main formfactor recipe, which is named <filename>formfactor_0.0.bb</filename> and  
                located in the meta layer at <filename>meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor</filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DESCRIPTION = "Device formfactor information"
     SECTION = "base"
     LICENSE = "MIT"
     LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COREBASE}/LICENSE;md5=3f40d7994397109285ec7b81fdeb3b58 \
                         file://${COREBASE}/meta/COPYING.MIT;md5=3da9cfbcb788c80a0384361b4de20420"
     PR = "r20"

     SRC_URI = "file://config file://machconfig"
     S = "${WORKDIR}"

     PACKAGE_ARCH = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"
     INHIBIT_DEFAULT_DEPS = "1"

     do_install() {
     	# Only install file if it has a contents
             install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/formfactor/
             install -m 0644 ${S}/config ${D}${sysconfdir}/formfactor/
     	if [ -s "${S}/machconfig" ]; then
     	        install -m 0644 ${S}/machconfig ${D}${sysconfdir}/formfactor/
     	fi
     }
                </literallayout>
                Here is the append file, which is named <filename>formfactor_0.0.bbappend</filename> and is from the 
                Crown Bay BSP Layer named <filename>meta-intel/meta-crownbay</filename>.
                The file is in <filename>recipes-bsp/formfactor</filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:"
 
     PRINC = "1"
                </literallayout>
                This example adds or overrides files in 
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
                within a <filename>.bbappend</filename> by extending the path BitBake uses to search for files. 
                The most reliable way to do this is by prepending the 
                <filename>FILESEXTRAPATHS</filename> variable.
                For example, if you have your files in a directory that is named the same as your package 
                (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></ulink>),
                you can add this directory by adding the following to your <filename>.bbappend</filename> file:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:"
                </literallayout>
                Using the immediate expansion assignment operator <filename>:=</filename> is important because 
                of the reference to <filename>THISDIR</filename>.
                The trailing colon character is important as it ensures that items in the list remain 
                colon-separated.
                <note>BitBake automatically defines the <filename>THISDIR</filename> variable.
                    You should never set this variable yourself.
                    Using <filename>_prepend</filename> ensures your path will be searched prior to other 
                    paths in the final list.
                </note>
            </para>

            <para>
                For another example on how to use a <filename>.bbappend</filename> file, see the 
                "<link linkend='changing-recipes-kernel'>Changing <filename>recipes-kernel</filename></link>"
                section.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='prioritizing-your-layer'>
            <title>Prioritizing Your Layer</title>

            <para>
                Each layer is assigned a priority value.
                Priority values control which layer takes precedence if there are recipe files with 
                the same name in multiple layers.
                For these cases, the recipe file from the layer with a higher priority number taking precedence.
                Priority values also affect the order in which multiple <filename>.bbappend</filename> files 
                for the same recipe are applied. 
                You can either specify the priority manually, or allow the build system to calculate it
                based on the layer's dependencies.
            </para>

            <para>
                To specify the layer's priority manually, use the 
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBFILE_PRIORITY'><filename>BBFILE_PRIORITY</filename></ulink>
                variable.
                For example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BBFILE_PRIORITY := "1"
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <note>
                <para>It is possible for a recipe with a lower version number 
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>
                in a layer that has a higher priority to take precedence.</para>
                <para>Also, the layer priority does not currently affect the precedence order of 
                <filename>.conf</filename> or <filename>.bbclass</filename> files.
                Future versions of BitBake might address this.</para>
            </note>
        </section>

        <section id='managing-layers'>
            <title>Managing Layers</title>

            <para>
                You can use the BitBake layer management tool to provide a view into the structure of 
                recipes across a multi-layer project.
                Being able to generate output that reports on configured layers with their paths and 
                priorities and on <filename>.bbappend</filename> files and their applicable recipes
                can help to reveal potential problems.
            </para>

            <para>
                Use the following form when running the layer management tool.
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake-layers &lt;command&gt; [arguments]
                </literallayout>
                The following list describes the available commands:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><filename><emphasis>help:</emphasis></filename>
                        Displays general help or help on a specified command.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><emphasis>show-layers:</emphasis></filename>
                        Show the current configured layers.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><emphasis>show-recipes:</emphasis></filename>
                        Lists available recipes and the layers that provide them.  
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><emphasis>show-overlayed:</emphasis></filename>
                        Lists overlayed recipes.  
                        A recipe is overlayed when a recipe with the same name exists in another layer 
                        that has a higher layer priority.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><emphasis>show-appends:</emphasis></filename>
                        Lists <filename>.bbappend</filename> files and the recipe files to which
                        they apply.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><emphasis>flatten:</emphasis></filename>
                        Flattens the layer configuration into a separate output directory.
                        Flattening your layer configuration builds a "flattened" directory that contains
                        the contents of all layers, with any overlayed recipes removed and any
                        <filename>.bbappend</filename> files appended to the corresponding recipes.
                        You might have to perform some manual cleanup of the flattened layer as follows:
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Non-recipe files (such as patches) are overwritten.
                                The flatten command shows a warning for these files.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Anything beyond the normal layer setup has been added to 
                                the <filename>layer.conf</filename> file.
                                Only the lowest priority layer's <filename>layer.conf</filename> is used.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Overridden and appended items from <filename>.bbappend</filename>
                                files need to be cleaned up.
                                The contents of each <filename>.bbappend</filename> end up in the 
                                flattened recipe.
                                However, if there are appended or changed variable values, you need to tidy 
                                these up yourself.
                                Consider the following example.
                                Here, the <filename>bitbake-layers</filename> command adds the line
                                <filename>#### bbappended ...</filename> so that you know where the following
                                lines originate:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ...
     DESCRIPTION = "A useful utility"
     ...
     EXTRA_OECONF = "--enable-something"
     ...

     #### bbappended from meta-anotherlayer ####

     DESCRIPTION = "Customized utility"
     EXTRA_OECONF += "--enable-somethingelse"
                                </literallayout>
                                Ideally, you would tidy up these utilities as follows:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ...
     DESCRIPTION = "Customized utility"
     ...
     EXTRA_OECONF = "--enable-something --enable-somethingelse"
     ...
                                </literallayout></para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist></para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id='usingpoky-extend-customimage'>
        <title>Customizing Images</title>

        <para>
            You can customize Yocto Project images to satisfy particular requirements. 
            This section describes several methods and provides guidelines for each.
        </para>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-customimage-custombb'>
            <title>Customizing Images Using Custom .bb Files</title>

            <para>
                One way to get additional software into an image is to create a custom image. 
                The following example shows the form for the two lines you need:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     IMAGE_INSTALL = "task-core-x11-base package1 package2"

     inherit core-image
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                By creating a custom image, a developer has total control
                over the contents of the image. 
                It is important to use the correct names of packages in the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'>IMAGE_INSTALL</ulink></filename> 
                variable. 
                You must use the OpenEmbedded notation and not the Debian notation for the names 
                (e.g. <filename>eglibc-dev</filename> instead of <filename>libc6-dev</filename>).
            </para>

            <para>
                The other method for creating a custom image is to base it on an existing image. 
                For example, if you want to create an image based on <filename>core-image-sato</filename>
                but add the additional package <filename>strace</filename> to the image, 
                copy the <filename>meta/recipes-sato/images/core-image-sato.bb</filename> to a 
                new <filename>.bb</filename> and add the following line to the end of the copy:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     IMAGE_INSTALL += "strace"
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-customimage-customtasks'>
            <title>Customizing Images Using Custom Tasks</title>

            <para>
                For complex custom images, the best approach is to create a custom task package
                that is used to build the image or images. 
                A good example of a tasks package is 
                <filename>meta/recipes-core/tasks/task-core-boot.bb</filename>
                The 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGES'>PACKAGES</ulink></filename> 
                variable lists the task packages to build along with the complementary
                <filename>-dbg</filename> and <filename>-dev</filename> packages. 
                For each package added, you can use 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RDEPENDS'>RDEPENDS</ulink></filename>
                and 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RRECOMMENDS'>RRECOMMENDS</ulink></filename> 
                entries to provide a list of packages the parent task package should contain. 
                Following is an example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DESCRIPTION = "My Custom Tasks"

     PACKAGES = "\
         task-custom-apps \
         task-custom-apps-dbg \
         task-custom-apps-dev \
         task-custom-tools \
         task-custom-tools-dbg \
         task-custom-tools-dev \
         "

     RDEPENDS_task-custom-apps = "\
         dropbear \
         portmap \
         psplash"

     RDEPENDS_task-custom-tools = "\
         oprofile \
         oprofileui-server \
         lttng-control \
         lttng-viewer"

     RRECOMMENDS_task-custom-tools = "\
         kernel-module-oprofile"
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                In the previous example, two task packages are created with their dependencies and their
                recommended package dependencies listed: <filename>task-custom-apps</filename>, and 
                <filename>task-custom-tools</filename>. 
                To build an image using these task packages, you need to add 
                <filename>task-custom-apps</filename> and/or 
                <filename>task-custom-tools</filename> to 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'>IMAGE_INSTALL</ulink></filename>.
                For other forms of image dependencies see the other areas of this section.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-customimage-imagefeatures'>
            <title>Customizing Images Using Custom <filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename> and 
                <filename>EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES</filename></title>

            <para>
                Ultimately users might want to add extra image features to the set used by 
                Yocto Project with the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FEATURES'>IMAGE_FEATURES</ulink></filename>
                variable. 
                To create these features, the best reference is 
                <filename>meta/classes/core-image.bbclass</filename>, which shows how the 
                Yocto Project achieves this. 
                In summary, the file looks at the contents of the 
                <filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename>
                variable and then maps that into a set of tasks or packages. 
                Based on this information the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'> IMAGE_INSTALL</ulink></filename> 
                variable is generated automatically. 
                Users can add extra features by extending the class or creating a custom class for use 
                with specialized image <filename>.bb</filename> files.
                You can also add more features by configuring the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES'>EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES</ulink></filename>
                variable in the <filename>local.conf</filename> file found in the Yocto Project
                files located in the build directory.
            </para>

            <para>
                The Yocto Project ships with two SSH servers you can use in your images: 
                Dropbear and OpenSSH. 
                Dropbear is a minimal SSH server appropriate for resource-constrained environments,
                while OpenSSH is a well-known standard SSH server implementation.
                By default, the <filename>core-image-sato</filename> image is configured to use Dropbear.
                The <filename>core-image-basic</filename> and <filename>core-image-lsb</filename>
                images both include OpenSSH.
                To change these defaults, edit the <filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename> variable
                so that it sets the image you are working with to include 
                <filename>ssh-server-dropbear</filename> or <filename>ssh-server-openssh</filename>.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-customimage-localconf'>
            <title>Customizing Images Using <filename>local.conf</filename></title>

            <para>
                It is possible to customize image contents by using variables from your
                local configuration in your <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file. 
                Because it is limited to local use, this method generally only allows you to 
                add packages and is not as flexible as creating your own customized image.
                When you add packages using local variables this way, you need to realize that 
                these variable changes affect all images at the same time and might not be
                what you require.
            </para>

            <para>
                The simplest way to add extra packages to all images is by using the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_INSTALL'>IMAGE_INSTALL</ulink></filename>
                variable with the <filename>_append</filename> operator:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " strace"
                </literallayout>
                Use of the syntax is important.
                Specifically, the space between the quote and the package name, which is
                <filename>strace</filename> in this example.
                This space is required since the <filename>_append</filename>
                operator does not add the space.
            </para>

            <para>
                Furthermore, you must use <filename>_append</filename> instead of the <filename>+=</filename> 
                operator if you want to avoid ordering issues. 
                The reason for this is because doing so unconditionally appends to the variable and 
                avoids ordering problems due to the variable being set in image recipes and 
                <filename>.bbclass</filename> files with operators like <filename>?=</filename>.
                Using <filename>_append</filename> ensures the operation takes affect.
            </para>

            <para>
                As shown in its simplest use, <filename>IMAGE_INSTALL_append</filename> affects
                all images.
                It is possible to extend the syntax so that the variable applies to a specific image only.
                Here is an example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     IMAGE_INSTALL_append_pn-core-image-minimal = " strace"
                </literallayout>
                This example adds <filename>strace</filename> to <filename>core-image-minimal</filename>
                only.
            </para>

            <para>
                You can add packages using a similar approach through the  
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL'>CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL</ulink></filename> 
                variable.
                If you use this variable, only <filename>core-image-*</filename> images are affected.
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id='usingpoky-extend-addpkg'>
        <title>Adding a Package</title>

        <para>
            To add a package into the Yocto Project you need to write a recipe for it. 
            Writing a recipe means creating a <filename>.bb</filename> file that sets some
            variables.
            For information on variables that are useful for recipes and for information about recipe naming
            issues, see the 
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-varlocality-recipe-required'>Required</ulink>" 
            section of the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
        </para>

        <para>
            Before writing a recipe from scratch, it is often useful to check
            whether someone else has written one already. 
            OpenEmbedded is a good place to look as it has a wider scope and range of packages.
            Because the Yocto Project aims to be compatible with OpenEmbedded, most recipes 
            you find there should work in Yocto Project.
        </para>

        <para>
            For new packages, the simplest way to add a recipe is to base it on a similar
            pre-existing recipe. 
            The sections that follow provide some examples that show how to add standard 
            types of packages.
        </para>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-addpkg-singlec'>
            <title>Single .c File Package (Hello World!)</title>

            <para>
                Building an application from a single file that is stored locally (e.g. under 
                <filename>files/</filename>) requires a recipe that has the file listed in 
                the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename>
                variable. 
                Additionally, you need to manually write the <filename>do_compile</filename> and
                <filename>do_install</filename> tasks.
                The <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink></filename> 
                variable defines the 
                directory containing the source code, which is set to 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'>
                WORKDIR</ulink></filename> in this case - the directory BitBake uses for the build.
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DESCRIPTION = "Simple helloworld application"
     SECTION = "examples"
     LICENSE = "MIT"
     LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COMMON_LICENSE_DIR}/MIT;md5=0835ade698e0bcf8506ecda2f7b4f302"
     PR = "r0"

     SRC_URI = "file://helloworld.c"

     S = "${WORKDIR}"

     do_compile() {
     	${CC} helloworld.c -o helloworld
     }

     do_install() {
     	install -d ${D}${bindir}
     	install -m 0755 helloworld ${D}${bindir}
     }
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                By default, the <filename>helloworld</filename>, <filename>helloworld-dbg</filename>,
                and <filename>helloworld-dev</filename> packages are built. 
                For information on how to customize the packaging process, see the
                "<link linkend='splitting-an-application-into-multiple-packages'>Splitting an Application
                into Multiple Packages</link>" section.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-addpkg-autotools'>
            <title>Autotooled Package</title>
            <para>
                Applications that use Autotools such as <filename>autoconf</filename> and 
                <filename>automake</filename> require a recipe that has a source archive listed in 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename> and 
                also inherits Autotools, which instructs BitBake to use the
                <filename>autotools.bbclass</filename> file, which contains the definitions of all the steps
                needed to build an Autotool-based application.
                The result of the build is automatically packaged. 
                And, if the application uses NLS for localization, packages with local information are 
                generated (one package per language). 
                Following is one example: (<filename>hello_2.3.bb</filename>)
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DESCRIPTION = "GNU Helloworld application"
     SECTION = "examples"
     LICENSE = "GPLv2+"
     LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=751419260aa954499f7abaabaa882bbe"
     PR = "r0"

     SRC_URI = "${GNU_MIRROR}/hello/hello-${PV}.tar.gz"

     inherit autotools gettext
                 </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                The variable 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LIC_FILES_CHKSUM'>LIC_FILES_CHKSUM</ulink></filename> 
                is used to track source license changes as described in the
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#usingpoky-configuring-LIC_FILES_CHKSUM'>Track License Changes</ulink>" section. 
                You can quickly create Autotool-based recipes in a manner similar to the previous example.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-addpkg-makefile'>
            <title>Makefile-Based Package</title>

            <para>
                Applications that use GNU <filename>make</filename> also require a recipe that has
                the source archive listed in 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename>. 
                You do not need to add a <filename>do_compile</filename> step since by default BitBake 
                starts the <filename>make</filename> command to compile the application. 
                If you need additional <filename>make</filename> options you should store them in the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTRA_OEMAKE'>EXTRA_OEMAKE</ulink></filename>
                variable.
                BitBake passes these options into the <filename>make</filename> GNU invocation. 
                Note that a <filename>do_install</filename> task is still required.
                Otherwise BitBake runs an empty <filename>do_install</filename> task by default. 
            </para>

            <para>
                Some applications might require extra parameters to be passed to the compiler.
                For example, the application might need an additional header path. 
                You can accomplish this by adding to the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CFLAGS'>CFLAGS</ulink></filename> variable.
                The following example shows this:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     CFLAGS_prepend = "-I ${S}/include "
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
            In the following example, <filename>mtd-utils</filename> is a makefile-based package:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DESCRIPTION = "Tools for managing memory technology devices."
     SECTION = "base"
     DEPENDS = "zlib lzo e2fsprogs util-linux"
     HOMEPAGE = "http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/"
     LICENSE = "GPLv2+"
     LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=0636e73ff0215e8d672dc4c32c317bb3 \
                    file://include/common.h;beginline=1;endline=17;md5=ba05b07912a44ea2bf81ce409380049c"

     SRC_URI = "git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git;protocol=git;tag=995cfe51b0a3cf32f381c140bf72b21bf91cef1b \
	     	file://add-exclusion-to-mkfs-jffs2-git-2.patch"

     S = "${WORKDIR}/git/"

     PR = "r1"

     EXTRA_OEMAKE = "'CC=${CC}' 'RANLIB=${RANLIB}' 'AR=${AR}' \
        'CFLAGS=${CFLAGS} -I${S}/include -DWITHOUT_XATTR' 'BUILDDIR=${S}'"

     do_install () {
	     oe_runmake install DESTDIR=${D} SBINDIR=${sbindir} MANDIR=${mandir} \
            INCLUDEDIR=${includedir}
	     install -d ${D}${includedir}/mtd/
	     for f in ${S}/include/mtd/*.h; do
	     	install -m 0644 $f ${D}${includedir}/mtd/
	     done
     }

     PARALLEL_MAKE = ""

     BBCLASSEXTEND = "native"
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                If your sources are available as a tarball instead of a Git repository, you
                will need to provide the URL to the tarball as well as an 
                <filename>md5</filename> or <filename>sha256</filename> sum of
                the download. 
                Here is an example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SRC_URI="ftp://ftp.infradead.org/pub/mtd-utils/mtd-utils-1.4.9.tar.bz2"
     SRC_URI[md5sum]="82b8e714b90674896570968f70ca778b"
                </literallayout>
                You can generate the <filename>md5</filename> or <filename>sha256</filename> sums 
                by using the <filename>md5sum</filename> or <filename>sha256sum</filename> commands
                with the target file as the only argument. 
                Here is an example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ md5sum mtd-utils-1.4.9.tar.bz2 
     82b8e714b90674896570968f70ca778b mtd-utils-1.4.9.tar.bz2
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='splitting-an-application-into-multiple-packages'>
            <title>Splitting an Application into Multiple Packages</title>

            <para>                        
                You can use the variables 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGES'>PACKAGES</ulink></filename> and 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILES'>FILES</ulink></filename> 
                to split an application into multiple packages.
            </para>

            <para>
                Following is an example that uses the <filename>libXpm</filename> recipe. 
                By default, this recipe generates a single package that contains the library along 
                with a few binaries.  
                You can modify the recipe to split the binaries into separate packages:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     require xorg-lib-common.inc

     DESCRIPTION = "X11 Pixmap library"
     LICENSE = "X-BSD"
     LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=3e07763d16963c3af12db271a31abaa5"
     DEPENDS += "libxext libsm libxt"
     PR = "r3"
     PE = "1"

     XORG_PN = "libXpm"

     PACKAGES =+ "sxpm cxpm"
     FILES_cxpm = "${bindir}/cxpm"
     FILES_sxpm = "${bindir}/sxpm"
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                In the previous example, we want to ship the <filename>sxpm</filename>
                and <filename>cxpm</filename> binaries in separate packages. 
                Since <filename>bindir</filename> would be packaged into the main 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'>PN</ulink></filename> 
                package by default, we prepend the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGES'>PACKAGES</ulink>
                </filename> variable so additional package names are added to the start of list. 
                This results in the extra 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-FILES'>FILES</ulink>_*</filename>
                variables then containing information that define which files and
                directories go into which packages. 
                Files included by earlier packages are skipped by latter packages.
                Thus, the main 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'>PN</ulink></filename> package 
                does not include the above listed files.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='including-static-library-files'>
            <title>Including Static Library Files</title>

            <para>                        
                If you are building a library and the library offers static linking, you can control
                which static library files (<filename>*.a</filename> files) get included in the 
                built library.  
            </para>

            <para>
                The <filename>PACKAGES</filename> and <filename>FILES_*</filename> variables in the 
                <filename>meta/conf/bitbake.conf</filename> configuration file define how files installed
                by the <filename>do_install</filename> task are packaged.
                By default, the <filename>PACKAGES</filename> variable contains 
                <filename>${PN}-staticdev</filename>, which includes all static library files.
                <note>
                    Previously released versions of the Yocto Project defined the static library files 
                    through <filename>${PN}-dev</filename>.
                </note>
                Following, is part of the BitBake configuration file. 
                You can see where the static library files are defined:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     PACKAGES = "${PN}-dbg ${PN} ${PN}-doc ${PN}-dev ${PN}-staticdev ${PN}-locale"
     PACKAGES_DYNAMIC = "${PN}-locale-*"
     FILES = ""

     FILES_${PN} = "${bindir}/* ${sbindir}/* ${libexecdir}/* ${libdir}/lib*${SOLIBS} \
                 ${sysconfdir} ${sharedstatedir} ${localstatedir} \
                 ${base_bindir}/* ${base_sbindir}/* \
                 ${base_libdir}/*${SOLIBS} \
                 ${datadir}/${BPN} ${libdir}/${BPN}/* \
                 ${datadir}/pixmaps ${datadir}/applications \
                 ${datadir}/idl ${datadir}/omf ${datadir}/sounds \
                 ${libdir}/bonobo/servers"

     FILES_${PN}-doc = "${docdir} ${mandir} ${infodir} ${datadir}/gtk-doc \
                 ${datadir}/gnome/help"
     SECTION_${PN}-doc = "doc"
     
     FILES_${PN}-dev = "${includedir} ${libdir}/lib*${SOLIBSDEV} ${libdir}/*.la \
                     ${libdir}/*.o ${libdir}/pkgconfig ${datadir}/pkgconfig \
                     ${datadir}/aclocal ${base_libdir}/*.o"
     SECTION_${PN}-dev = "devel"
     ALLOW_EMPTY_${PN}-dev = "1"
     RDEPENDS_${PN}-dev = "${PN} (= ${EXTENDPKGV})"
     
     FILES_${PN}-staticdev = "${libdir}/*.a ${base_libdir}/*.a"
     SECTION_${PN}-staticdev = "devel"
     RDEPENDS_${PN}-staticdev = "${PN}-dev (= ${EXTENDPKGV})"
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-extend-addpkg-postinstalls'>
            <title>Post Install Scripts</title>

            <para>
                To add a post-installation script to a package, add a <filename>pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME()
                </filename> function to the <filename>.bb</filename> file and use 
                <filename>PACKAGENAME</filename> as the name of the package you want to attach to the 
                <filename>postinst</filename> script.
                Normally 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'>PN</ulink></filename>
                can be used, which automatically expands to <filename>PACKAGENAME</filename>.
                A post-installation function has the following structure:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME () {
     #!/bin/sh -e
     # Commands to carry out
     }
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                The script defined in the post-installation function is called when the 
                root filesystem is created. 
                If the script succeeds, the package is marked as installed. 
                If the script fails, the package is marked as unpacked and the script is
                executed when the image boots again.
            </para>

            <para>
                Sometimes it is necessary for the execution of a post-installation
                script to be delayed until the first boot.  
                For example, the script might need to be executed on the device itself. 
                To delay script execution until boot time, use the following structure in the 
                post-installation script:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME () {
     #!/bin/sh -e
     if [ x"$D" = "x" ]; then
          # Actions to carry out on the device go here
     else
          exit 1
     fi
     }
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                The previous example delays execution until the image boots again because the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-D'>D</ulink></filename> 
                variable points
                to the directory containing the image when the root filesystem is created at build time but
                is unset when executed on the first boot. 
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id="platdev-newmachine">
        <title>Porting the Yocto Project to a New Machine</title>

<!--
WRITER NOTES:

I had this chat with Richard:

scottrif: Terminology question:  We speak of "New Machines" or "Adding a New Machine" 
          in YP.  Are "Machines" restricted to architectures? In poky/meta/conf/machine we have .conf 
          files for the five architectures.  What exactly does the term "Machine" mean?

      RP: no, each architecture has multiple different machines. A "machine" can correspond 
          to a particular reference board or hardware product
          we just have one reference machine per architecture
          We're  a little vague sometimes as "machine" can refer to either an individual platform,
          or in some cases a set of different platforms with common structure
          (e.g. netbooks)

scottrif: So our reference machines we supply are the five qemu* machines? 

      RP: in oe-core, plus one "real" target in meta-yocto
          (per arch)

scottrif: I see four in meta-yocto/conf/machine.  Shouldn't there be five if there is one 
          "real" target per architecture?

      RP: yes, we don't have one for x86_64 :/

scottrif: I think it is a bit difficult to map our four poky/meta-yocto/conf/machines to one of our 
          five architectures.  Some have key words in there that identify the architecture but 
          beagleboard and atom-pc don't.
          We have a section that describes adding a Machine Configuration file to Yocto and 
          it states that TARGET_ARCH is one of the most important variables that need to be 
          set in the .conf file.  The four I am looking at don't have that variable.

      RP: That has changed a little now. You need to include the appropriate tune file
          which will set it for you
          People had a tendency not to set all the right pieces so it got abstracted

scottrif: Got it.  I see them in poky/meta/conf/machine/include.

SOME CONCLUSIONS:

I need to define the term machine.  It is confusing.  Then, this section needs to be cleared up
so that there are some definite steps on how to do this.  I need more detail here.

-->

        <para>
            Adding a new machine to the Yocto Project is a straightforward process. 
            This section provides information that gives you an idea of the changes you must make.
            The information covers adding machines similar to those the Yocto Project already supports. 
            Although well within the capabilities of the Yocto Project, adding a totally new architecture 
            might require 
            changes to <filename>gcc/eglibc</filename> and to the site information, which is 
            beyond the scope of this manual.
        </para>

        <para>
            For a complete example that shows how to add a new machine to the Yocto Project, 
            see the 
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#dev-manual-bsp-appendix'>BSP Development Example</ulink>" 
            in Appendix A.
        </para>

        <section id="platdev-newmachine-conffile">
            <title>Adding the Machine Configuration File</title>

            <para>
                To add a machine configuration you need to add a <filename>.conf</filename> file
                with details of the device being added to the <filename>conf/machine/</filename> file.
                The name of the file determines the name the Yocto Project uses to reference the new machine.
            </para>

            <para>
                The most important variables to set in this file are as follows:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TARGET_ARCH'>
                        TARGET_ARCH</ulink></filename> (e.g. "arm")</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_PROVIDER'>
                        PREFERRED_PROVIDER</ulink></filename>_virtual/kernel (see below)</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE_FEATURES'>
                        MACHINE_FEATURES</ulink></filename> (e.g. "apm screen wifi")</para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>

            <para> 
                You might also need these variables:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SERIAL_CONSOLE'>
                        SERIAL_CONSOLE</ulink></filename> (e.g. "115200 ttyS0")</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-KERNEL_IMAGETYPE'>
                        KERNEL_IMAGETYPE</ulink></filename> (e.g. "zImage")</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'>
                        IMAGE_FSTYPES</ulink></filename> (e.g. "tar.gz jffs2")</para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>

            <para> 
                You can find full details on these variables in the reference section. 
                You can leverage many existing machine <filename>.conf</filename> files from 
                <filename>meta/conf/machine/</filename>.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id="platdev-newmachine-kernel">
            <title>Adding a Kernel for the Machine</title>

            <para>
                The Yocto Project needs to be able to build a kernel for the machine. 
                You need to either create a new kernel recipe for this machine, or extend an 
                existing recipe. 
                You can find several kernel examples in the 
                Yocto Project file's <filename>meta/recipes-kernel/linux</filename>
                directory that you can use as references.
            </para>

            <para>
                If you are creating a new recipe, normal recipe-writing rules apply for setting 
                up a 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename>. 
                Thus, you need to specify any necessary patches and set 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink></filename> to point at the source code. 
                You need to create a <filename>configure</filename> task that configures the 
                unpacked kernel with a defconfig.
                You can do this by using a <filename>make defconfig</filename> command or,
                more commonly, by copying in a suitable <filename>defconfig</filename> file and and then running 
                <filename>make oldconfig</filename>. 
                By making use of <filename>inherit kernel</filename> and potentially some of the 
                <filename>linux-*.inc</filename> files, most other functionality is 
                centralized and the the defaults of the class normally work well.
            </para>

            <para>
                If you are extending an existing kernel, it is usually a matter of adding a 
                suitable defconfig file.
                The file needs to be added into a location similar to defconfig files
                used for other machines in a given kernel. 
                A possible way to do this is by listing the file in the 
                <filename>SRC_URI</filename> and adding the machine to the expression in 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-COMPATIBLE_MACHINE'>COMPATIBLE_MACHINE</ulink></filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     COMPATIBLE_MACHINE = '(qemux86|qemumips)'
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id="platdev-newmachine-formfactor">
            <title>Adding a Formfactor Configuration File</title>

            <para>
                A formfactor configuration file provides information about the 
                target hardware for which the Yocto Project is building and information that 
                the Yocto Project cannot obtain from other sources such as the kernel.  
                Some examples of information contained in a formfactor configuration file include 
                framebuffer orientation, whether or not the system has a keyboard, 
                the positioning of the keyboard in relation to the screen, and 
                the screen resolution.
            </para>

            <para>
                The Yocto Project uses reasonable defaults in most cases, but if customization is 
                necessary you need to create a <filename>machconfig</filename> file 
                in the Yocto Project file's <filename>meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/files</filename>
                directory.
                This directory contains directories for specific machines such as 
                <filename>qemuarm</filename> and <filename>qemux86</filename>.
                For information about the settings available and the defaults, see the 
                <filename>meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/files/config</filename> file found in the
                same area. 
                Following is an example for qemuarm:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     HAVE_TOUCHSCREEN=1
     HAVE_KEYBOARD=1

     DISPLAY_CAN_ROTATE=0
     DISPLAY_ORIENTATION=0
     #DISPLAY_WIDTH_PIXELS=640
     #DISPLAY_HEIGHT_PIXELS=480
     #DISPLAY_BPP=16
     DISPLAY_DPI=150
     DISPLAY_SUBPIXEL_ORDER=vrgb
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id="modifying-temporary-source-code">
        <title>Modifying Temporary Source Code</title>

        <para>
            Although the Yocto Project is typically used to build software, you might
            find it helpful during development to modify the temporary source code used by recipes
            to build packages.
            For example, suppose you are developing a patch and you need to experiment a bit
            to figure out your solution.
            After you have initially built the package, you can iteratively tweak the 
            source code, which is located in the 
            <link linkend='yocto-project-build-directory'>Yocto Project's Build Directory</link>, and then 
            you can force a re-compile and quickly test your altered code.
            Once you settle on a solution, you can then preserve your changes in the form of 
            patches.
            You can accomplish these steps all within either a 
            <ulink url='http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'>Quilt</ulink> or 
            <link linkend='git'>Git</link> workflow.
        </para>

        <section id='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>
            <title>Finding the Temporary Source Code</title>

            <para>
                During a build, the unpacked temporary source code used by recipes 
                to build packages is available in the Yocto Project Build Directory as 
                defined by the 
                <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink></filename> variable.
                Below is the default value for the <filename>S</filename> variable as defined in the 
                <filename>meta/conf/bitbake.conf</filename> configuration file in the 
                <link linkend='yocto-project-files'>Yocto Project Files</link>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     S = ${WORKDIR}/${BP}
                </literallayout>
                You should be aware that many recipes override the <filename>S</filename> variable.
                For example, recipes that fetch their source from Git usually set 
                <filename>S</filename> to <filename>${WORKDIR}/git</filename>.
                <note>
                    <filename>BP</filename> represents the "Base Package", which is the base package
                    name and the package version:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BP = ${BPN}-${PV}
                    </literallayout>
                </note> 
            </para>

            <para>
                The path to the work directory for the recipe 
                (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>) depends
                on the package name and the architecture of the target device.
                For example, here is the work directory for packages whose targets are not device-dependent:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ${TMPDIR}/work/${PACKAGE_ARCH}-poky-${TARGET_OS}/${PN}-${PV}-${PR}
                </literallayout>
                Let's look at an example without variables.
                Assuming a Yocto Project Files top-level directory named <filename>poky</filename>
                and a default Yocto Project Build Directory of <filename>poky/build</filename>, 
                the following is the work directory for the <filename>acl</filename> package:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ~/poky/build/tmp/work/i586-poky-linux/acl-2.2.51-r3
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                If your package is dependent on the target device, the work directory varies slightly:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ${TMPDIR}/work/${MACHINE}-poky-${TARGET_OS}/${PN}-${PV}-${PR}
                </literallayout>
                Again, assuming a Yocto Project Files top-level directory named <filename>poky</filename>
                and a default Yocto Project Build Directory of <filename>poky/build</filename>, the 
                following is the work directory for the <filename>acl</filename> package that is being 
                built for a MIPS-based device:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ~/poky/build/tmp/work/mips-poky-linux/acl-2.2.51-r2
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <note>
                To better understand how the Yocto Project build system resolves directories during the 
                build process, see the glossary entries for the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>,
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>,
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TOPDIR'><filename>TOPDIR</filename></ulink>,
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></ulink>,
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TARGET_OS'><filename>TARGET_OS</filename></ulink>,
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></ulink>,
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>,
                and
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
                variables in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
            </note>

            <para>
                Now that you know where to locate the directory that has the temporary source code, you can use a 
                Quilt or Git workflow to make your edits, test the changes, and preserve the 
                changes in the form of patches.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id="using-a-quilt-workflow">
            <title>Using a Quilt Workflow</title>
            
            <para>
                <ulink url='http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'>Quilt</ulink>
                is a powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having 
                a clean source tree.
                This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify temporary source code, 
                test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Quilt.
            </para>

            <para>
                Follow these general steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Find the Source Code:</emphasis>
                        The temporary source code used by the Yocto Project build system is kept in the 
                        Yocto Project Build Directory.  
                        See the 
                        "<link linkend='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>Finding the Temporary Source Code</link>"
                        section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a 
                        particular package.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Change Your Working Directory:</emphasis>
                        You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code.
                        That directory is defined by the 
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink>
                        variable.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Create a New Patch:</emphasis>
                        Before modifying source code, you need to create a new patch.
                        To create a new patch file, use <filename>quilt new</filename> as below:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt new my_changes.patch
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Notify Quilt and Add Files:</emphasis>
                        After creating the patch, you need to notify Quilt about the files you will 
                        be changing.
                        Add the files you will be modifying into the patch you just created:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt add file1.c file2.c file3.c
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Files:</emphasis>
                        Make the changes to the temporary source code.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Test Your Changes:</emphasis>
                        Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to test your changes 
                        is by calling the <filename>compile</filename> task as shown in the following example:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -c compile -f &lt;name_of_package&gt;
                        </literallayout>
                        The <filename>-f</filename> or <filename>--force</filename>
                        option forces re-execution of the specified task.
                        If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and 
                        re-testing iteratively until things work as expected.
                        <note>All the modifications you make to the temporary source code
                        disappear once you <filename>-c clean</filename> or 
                        <filename>-c cleanall</filename> with BitBake for the package.
                        Modifications will also disappear if you use the <filename>rm_work</filename>
                        feature as described in the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>" 
                        section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                        </note></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the Patch:</emphasis>
                        Once your changes work as expected, you need to use Quilt to generate the final patch that 
                        contains all your modifications.
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt refresh
                        </literallayout>
                        At this point the <filename>my_changes.patch</filename> file has all your edits made 
                        to the <filename>file1.c</filename>, <filename>file2.c</filename>, and 
                        <filename>file3.c</filename> files.</para>
                        <para>You can find the resulting patch file in the <filename>patches/</filename> 
                        subdirectory of the source (<filename>S</filename>) directory.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Copy the Patch File:</emphasis> 
                        For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named <filename>files</filename>,
                        which you can create in the same directory as the recipe.
                        Placing the patch here guarantees that the Yocto Project build system will find
                        the patch.
                        Next, add the patch into the  
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename> 
                        of the recipe.  
                        Here is an example:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SRC_URI += "file://my_changes.patch"
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Increment the Package Revision Number:</emphasis>
                        Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'>PR</ulink></filename>
                        value in the same recipe since the resulting packages have changed.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='using-a-git-workflow'>
            <title>Using a Git Workflow</title>
            <para>
                Git is an even more powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having 
                a clean source tree.
                This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify temporary source code, 
                test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Git.
                For general information on Git as it is used in the Yocto Project, see the 
                "<link linkend='git'>Git</link>" section.
            </para>

            <note>
                This workflow uses Git only for its ability to manage local changes to the source code 
                and produce patches independent of any version control used on the Yocto Project 
                Files.
            </note>

            <para>
                Follow these general steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Find the Source Code:</emphasis>
                        The temporary source code used by the Yocto Project build system is kept in the 
                        Yocto Project Build Directory.  
                        See the 
                        "<link linkend='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>Finding the Temporary Source Code</link>"
                        section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a 
                        particular package.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Change Your Working Directory:</emphasis>
                        You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code.
                        That directory is defined by the 
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink>
                        variable.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Initialize a Git Repository:</emphasis>
                        Use the <filename>git init</filename> command to initialize a new local repository
                        that is based on the work directory:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git init
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Stage all the files:</emphasis>
                        Use the <filename>git add *</filename> command to stage all the files in the source
                        code directory so that they can be committed:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git add *
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Commit the Source Files:</emphasis>
                        Use the <filename>git commit</filename> command to initially commit all the files in 
                        the work directory:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git commit
                        </literallayout>
                        At this point, your Git repository is aware of all the source code files.
                        Any edits you now make to files will be tracked by Git.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Files:</emphasis>
                        Make the changes to the temporary source code.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Test Your Changes:</emphasis>
                        Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to test your changes 
                        is by calling the <filename>compile</filename> task as shown in the following example:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -c compile -f &lt;name_of_package&gt;
                        </literallayout>
                        The <filename>-f</filename> or <filename>--force</filename>
                        option forces re-execution of the specified task.
                        If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and 
                        re-testing iteratively until things work as expected.
                        <note>All the modifications you make to the temporary source code
                        disappear once you <filename>-c clean</filename> or 
                        <filename>-c cleanall</filename> with BitBake for the package.
                        Modifications will also disappear if you use the <filename>rm_work</filename>
                        feature as described in the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>" 
                        section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                        </note></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>See the List of Files You Changed:</emphasis>
                        Use the <filename>git status</filename> command to see what files you have actually edited. 
                        The ability to have Git track the files you have changed is an advantage that this
                        workflow has over the Quilt workflow.
                        Here is the Git command to list your changed files:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git status
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Stage the Modified Files:</emphasis>
                        Use the <filename>git add</filename> command to stage the changed files so they
                        can be committed as follows:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git add file1.c file2.c file3.c
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Commit the Staged Files and View Your Changes:</emphasis>
                        Use the <filename>git commit</filename> command to commit the changes to the 
                        local repository.  
                        Once you have committed the files, you can use the <filename>git log</filename>
                        command to see your changes:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git commit
     $ git log
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the Patch:</emphasis>
                        Once the changes are committed, use the <filename>git format-patch</filename>
                        command to generate a patch file:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git format-patch HEAD~1
                        </literallayout>
                        The <filename>HEAD~1</filename> part of the command causes Git to generate the 
                        patch file for the most recent commit.</para>
                        <para>At this point, the patch file has all your edits made 
                        to the <filename>file1.c</filename>, <filename>file2.c</filename>, and 
                        <filename>file3.c</filename> files.
                        You can find the resulting patch file in the current directory.
                        The patch file ends with <filename>.patch</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Copy the Patch File:</emphasis> 
                        For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named <filename>files</filename>,
                        which you can create in the same directory as the recipe.
                        Placing the patch here guarantees that the Yocto Project build system will find
                        the patch.
                        Next, add the patch into the  
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename> 
                        of the recipe.  
                        Here is an example:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SRC_URI += "file://my_changes.patch"
                        </literallayout></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Increment the Package Revision Number:</emphasis>
                        Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the 
                        <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'>PR</ulink></filename>
                        value in the same recipe since the resulting packages have changed.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id="building-multiple-architecture-libraries-into-one-image">
        <title>Combining Multiple Versions of Library Files into One Image</title>

        <para>
            The build system offers the ability to build libraries with different
            target optimizations or architecture formats and combine these together
            into one system image. 
            You can link different binaries in the image 
            against the different libraries as needed for specific use cases.
            This feature is called "Multilib."
        </para>

        <para>
            An example would be where you have most of a system compiled in 32-bit
            mode using 32-bit libraries, but you have something large, like a database
            engine, that needs to be a 64-bit application and use 64-bit libraries.
            Multilib allows you to get the best of both 32-bit and 64-bit libraries.
        </para>

        <para>
            While the Multilib feature is most commonly used for 32 and 64-bit differences,
            the approach the build system uses facilitates different target optimizations. 
            You could compile some binaries to use one set of libraries and other binaries
            to use other different sets of libraries.
            The libraries could differ in architecture, compiler options, or other 
            optimizations.
        </para>

        <para>
            This section overviews the Multilib process only. 
            For more details on how to implement Multilib, see the 
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Multilib'>Multilib</ulink> wiki 
            page.
        </para>

        <section id='preparing-to-use-multilib'>
            <title>Preparing to use Multilib</title>

            <para>
                User-specific requirements drive the Multilib feature,
                Consequently, there is no one "out-of-the-box" configuration that likely
                exists to meet your needs.
            </para>

            <para>
                In order to enable Multilib, you first need to ensure your recipe is
                extended to support multiple libraries. 
                Many standard recipes are already extended and support multiple libraries.
                You can check in the <filename>meta/conf/multilib.conf</filename>
                configuration file in the Yocto Project files directory to see how this is 
                done using the <filename>BBCLASSEXTEND</filename> variable.
                Eventually, all recipes will be covered and this list will be unneeded.
            </para>
  
            <para>
                For the most part, the Multilib class extension works automatically to
                extend the package name from <filename>${PN}</filename> to
                <filename>${MLPREFIX}${PN}</filename>, where <filename>MLPREFIX</filename>
                is the particular multilib (e.g. "lib32-" or "lib64-"). 
                Standard variables such as <filename>DEPENDS</filename>, 
                <filename>RDEPENDS</filename>, <filename>RPROVIDES</filename>, 
                <filename>RRECOMMENDS</filename>, <filename>PACKAGES</filename>, and 
                <filename>PACKAGES_DYNAMIC</filename> are automatically extended by the system.
                If you are extending any manual code in the recipe, you can use the 
                <filename>${MLPREFIX}</filename> variable to ensure those names are extended 
                correctly. 
                This automatic extension code resides in <filename>multilib.bbclass</filename>.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='using-multilib'>
            <title>Using Multilib</title>

            <para>
                After you have set up the recipes, you need to define the actual
                combination of multiple libraries you want to build. 
                You accomplish this through your <filename>local.conf</filename>
                configuration file in the 
                <link linkend='yocto-project-build-directory'>Yocto Project Build Directory</link>. 
                An example configuration would be as follows:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     MACHINE = "qemux86-64"
     require conf/multilib.conf
     MULTILIBS = "multilib:lib32"
     DEFAULTTUNE_virtclass-multilib-lib32 = "x86"
     IMAGE_INSTALL = "lib32-connman"
                </literallayout>
                This example enables an
                additional library named <filename>lib32</filename> alongside the 
                normal target packages.
                When combining these "lib32" alternatives, the example uses "x86" for tuning.
                For information on this particular tuning, see
                <filename>meta/conf/machine/include/ia32/arch-ia32.inc</filename>.
            </para>

            <para>
                The example then includes <filename>lib32-connman</filename>
                in all the images, which illustrates one method of including a 
                multiple library dependency. 
                You can use a normal image build to include this dependency,
                for example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake core-image-sato
                </literallayout>
                You can also build Multilib packages specifically with a command like this:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $  bitbake lib32-connman
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='additional-implementation-details'>
            <title>Additional Implementation Details</title>

            <para>
                Different packaging systems have different levels of native Multilib
                support. 
                For the RPM Package Management System, the following implementation details 
                exist:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>A unique architecture is defined for the Multilib packages,
                        along with creating a unique deploy folder under 
                        <filename>tmp/deploy/rpm</filename> in the 
                        <link linkend='yocto-project-build-directory'>Yocto Project Build Directory</link>. 
                        For example, consider <filename>lib32</filename> in a 
                        <filename>qemux86-64</filename> image. 
                        The possible architectures in the system are "all", "qemux86_64",
                        "lib32_qemux86_64", and "lib32_x86".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>The <filename>${MLPREFIX}</filename> variable is stripped from 
                        <filename>${PN}</filename> during RPM packaging.
                        The naming for a normal RPM package and a Multilib RPM package in a
                        <filename>qemux86-64</filename> system resolves to something similar to
                        <filename>bash-4.1-r2.x86_64.rpm</filename> and 
                        <filename>bash-4.1.r2.lib32_x86.rpm</filename>, respectively.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>When installing a Multilib image, the RPM backend first 
                        installs the base image and then installs the Multilib libraries.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>The build system relies on RPM to resolve the identical files in the 
                        two (or more) Multilib packages.</para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>

            <para>
                For the IPK Package Management System, the following implementation details exist:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>The <filename>${MLPREFIX}</filename> is not stripped from 
                        <filename>${PN}</filename> during IPK packaging.
                        The naming for a normal RPM package and a Multilib IPK package in a
                        <filename>qemux86-64</filename> system resolves to something like 
                        <filename>bash_4.1-r2.x86_64.ipk</filename> and
                        <filename>lib32-bash_4.1-rw_x86.ipk</filename>, respectively.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>The IPK deploy folder is not modified with 
                        <filename>${MLPREFIX}</filename> because packages with and without 
                        the Multilib feature can exist in the same folder due to the 
                        <filename>${PN}</filename> differences.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>IPK defines a sanity check for Multilib installation 
                        using certain rules for file comparison, overridden, etc.
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
        </section> 
    </section>

    <section id='configuring-the-kernel'>
        <title>Configuring the Kernel</title>

        <para>
            Configuring the Linux Yocto kernel consists of making sure the <filename>.config</filename>
            file has all the right information in it for the image you are building.
            You can use the <filename>menuconfig</filename> tool and configuration fragments to 
            make sure your <filename>.config</filename> file is just how you need it. 
            This section describes how to use <filename>menuconfig</filename>, create and use 
            configuration fragments, and how to interactively tweak your <filename>.config</filename>
            file to create the leanest kernel configuration file possible.
        </para>

        <para>
            For concepts on kernel configuration, see the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_URL;#kernel-configuration'>Kernel Configuration</ulink>"
            section in the Yocto Project Kernel Architecture and Use Manual.
        </para>

        <section id='using-menuconfig'>
            <title>Using&nbsp;&nbsp;<filename>menuconfig</filename></title>
 
            <para>
                The easiest way to define kernel configurations is to set them through the
                <filename>menuconfig</filename> tool.
                For general information on <filename>menuconfig</filename>, see
                <ulink url='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menuconfig'></ulink>.
            </para>

            <para>
                To use the <filename>menuconfig</filename> tool in the Yocto Project development
                environment, you must build the tool using BitBake.
                The following commands build and invoke <filename>menuconfig</filename> assuming the 
                Yocto Project files top-level directory is <filename>~/poky</filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/poky
     $ source oe-init-build-env
     $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig
                </literallayout>
                Once <filename>menuconfig</filename> comes up, its standard interface allows you to 
                examine and configure all the kernel configuration parameters.
                Once you have made your changes, simply exit the tool and save your changes to 
                create an updated version of the <filename>.config</filename> configuration file.
            </para>

            <para>
                For an example that shows how to change the <filename>SMP_CONFIG</filename> parameter
                using <filename>menuconfig</filename>, see the 
                "<link linkend='changing-the-config-smp-configuration-using-menuconfig'>Changing
                the <filename>CONFIG_SMP</filename> Configuration Using <filename>menuconfig</filename></link>" 
                section.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='creating-config-fragments'>
            <title>Creating Config Fragments</title>

            <para>
                Configuration fragments are simply kernel options that appear in a file.
                Syntactically, the configuration statement is identical to what would appear
                in the <filename>.config</filename>.
                For example, issuing the following from the shell would create a config fragment
                file named <filename>my_smp.cfg</filename> that enables multi-processor support
                within the kernel:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ echo "CONFIG_SMP=y" >> my_smp.cfg
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                Where do you put your configuration files?
                You can place these configuration files in the same area pointed to by  
                <filename>SRC_URI</filename>.
                The Yocto Project build process will pick up the configuration and add it to the 
                kernel's configuration.
                For example, assume you add the following to your 
                <filename>linux-yocto_3.0.bbappend</filename> file:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     file://my_smp.cfg
                </literallayout>
                You would put the config fragment file <filename>my_smp.cfg</filename> in a 
                sub-directory with the same root name (<filename>linux-yocto</filename>)
                beneath the directory that contains your <filename>linux-yocto_3.0.bbappend</filename> 
                file and the build system will pick up and apply the fragment.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='fine-tuning-the-kernel-configuration-file'>
            <title>Fine-tuning the Kernel Configuration File</title>

            <para>
                You can make sure the <filename>.config</filename> is as lean or efficient as 
                possible by reading the output of the kernel configuration fragment audit,
                noting any issues, making changes to correct the issues, and then repeating.
            </para>

            <para>
                As part of the Linux Yocto kernel build process, the 
                <filename>kernel_configcheck</filename> task runs.
                This task validates the kernel configuration by checking the final 
                <filename>.config</filename> file against the input files.
                During the check, the task produces warning messages for the following 
                issues:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Requested options that did not make the final 
                        <filename>.config</filename> file.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Configuration items that appear twice in the same 
                        configuration fragment.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Configuration items tagged as 'required' were overridden.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>A board overrides a non-board specific option.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Listed options not valid for the kernel being processed. 
                        In other words, the option does not appear anywhere.</para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <note>
                    The <filename>kernel_configcheck</filename> task can also optionally report
                    if an option is overridden during processing.
                </note>
            </para>

            <para>
                For each output warning, a message points to the file
                that contains a list of the options and a pointer to the config
                fragment that defines them.
                Collectively, the files are the key to streamlining the configuration.
            </para>

            <para>
                To streamline the configuration, do the following:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Start with a full configuration that you know
                        works - it builds and boots successfully.
                        This configuration file will be your baseline.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Separately run the <filename>configme</filename> and 
                        <filename>kernel_configcheck</filename> tasks.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Take the resulting list of files from the 
                        <filename>kernel_configcheck</filename> task warnings and do the following:
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Drop values that are redefined in the fragment but do not
                                change the final <filename>.config</filename> file.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Analyze and potentially drop values from the 
                                <filename>.config</filename> file that override required 
                                configurations.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Analyze and potentially remove non-board specific options.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Remove repeated and invalid options.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>After you have worked through the output of the kernel configuration 
                        audit, you can re-run the <filename>configme</filename> 
                        and <filename>kernel_configcheck</filename> tasks to see the results of your 
                        changes. 
                        If you have more issues, you can deal with them as described in the 
                        previous step.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist> 
            </para>

            <para>
                Iteratively working through steps two through four eventually yields 
                a minimal, streamlined configuration file.
                Once you have the best <filename>.config</filename>, you can build the Linux
                Yocto kernel.
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id="usingpoky-changes-updatingimages">
        <title>Updating Existing Images</title>

        <para>
            Often, rather than re-flashing a new image, you might wish to install updated 
            packages into an existing running system. 
            You can do this by first sharing the <filename>tmp/deploy/ipk/</filename> directory
            through a web server and then by changing <filename>/etc/opkg/base-feeds.conf</filename> 
            to point at the shared server.
            Following is an example:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ src/gz all http://www.mysite.com/somedir/deploy/ipk/all
     $ src/gz armv7a http://www.mysite.com/somedir/deploy/ipk/armv7a
     $ src/gz beagleboard http://www.mysite.com/somedir/deploy/ipk/beagleboard
            </literallayout>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id="usingpoky-changes-prbump">
        <title>Incrementing a Package Revision Number</title>

        <para>
            If a committed change results in changing the package output,
            then the value of the 
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'>PR</ulink></filename> 
            variable needs to be increased 
            (or "bumped") as part of that commit. 
            This means that for new recipes you must be sure to add the <filename>PR</filename>
            variable and set its initial value equal to "r0".  
            Failing to define <filename>PR</filename> makes it easy to miss when you bump a package.
            Note that you can only use integer values following the "r" in the 
            <filename>PR</filename> variable.
        </para>

        <para>
            If you are sharing a common <filename>.inc</filename> file with multiple recipes, 
            you can also use the 
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-INC_PR'>INC_PR</ulink></filename> 
            variable to ensure that 
            the recipes sharing the <filename>.inc</filename> file are rebuilt when the 
            <filename>.inc</filename> file itself is changed. 
            The <filename>.inc</filename> file must set <filename>INC_PR</filename>
            (initially to "r0"), and all recipes referring to it should set <filename>PR</filename>
            to "$(INC_PR).0" initially, incrementing the last number when the recipe is changed.
            If the <filename>.inc</filename> file is changed then its 
            <filename>INC_PR</filename> should be incremented.
        </para>

        <para> 
            When upgrading the version of a package, assuming the 
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'>PV</ulink></filename> 
            changes, the <filename>PR</filename> variable should be reset to "r0"
            (or "$(INC_PR).0" if you are using <filename>INC_PR</filename>).
        </para>

        <para>
            Usually, version increases occur only to packages.
            However, if for some reason <filename>PV</filename> changes but does not 
            increase, you can increase the 
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PE'>PE</ulink></filename> 
            variable (Package Epoch).
            The <filename>PE</filename> variable defaults to "0".
        </para>

        <para>
            Version numbering strives to follow the 
            <ulink url='http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields.html'>
            Debian Version Field Policy Guidelines</ulink>.
            These guidelines define how versions are compared and what "increasing" a version means.
        </para>

        <para>
            There are two reasons for following the previously mentioned guidelines.
            First, to ensure that when a developer updates and rebuilds, they get all the changes to
            the repository and do not have to remember to rebuild any sections.
            Second, to ensure that target users are able to upgrade their
            devices using package manager commands such as <filename>opkg upgrade</filename> 
            (or similar commands for dpkg/apt or rpm-based systems). 
        </para>

        <para>
            The goal is to ensure the Yocto Project has packages that can be upgraded in all cases.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id="usingpoky-configuring-DISTRO_PN_ALIAS">
        <title>Handling a Package Name Alias</title>
        <para>
            Sometimes a package name you are using might exist under an alias or as a similarly named
            package in a different distribution.
            The Yocto Project implements a <filename>distro_check</filename>
            task that automatically connects to major distributions
            and checks for these situations. 
            If the package exists under a different name in a different distribution, you get a 
            <filename>distro_check</filename> mismatch.  
            You can resolve this problem by defining a per-distro recipe name alias using the 
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DISTRO_PN_ALIAS'>DISTRO_PN_ALIAS</ulink></filename> 
            variable.
        </para>

        <para>
            Following is an example that shows how you specify the <filename>DISTRO_PN_ALIAS</filename>
            variable:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DISTRO_PN_ALIAS_pn-PACKAGENAME = "distro1=package_name_alias1 \
                                       distro2=package_name_alias2 \
                                       distro3=package_name_alias3 \
                                       ..."
            </literallayout>
        </para>
        
        <para>
            If you have more than one distribution alias, separate them with a space.
            Note that the Yocto Project currently automatically checks the 
            Fedora, OpenSuSE, Debian, Ubuntu, 
            and Mandriva distributions for source package recipes without having to specify them 
            using the <filename>DISTRO_PN_ALIAS</filename> variable.
            For example, the following command generates a report that lists the Linux distributions
            that include the sources for each of the Yocto Project recipes.
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake world -f -c distro_check
            </literallayout>
            The results are stored in the <filename>build/tmp/log/distro_check-${DATETIME}.results</filename> 
            file found in the Yocto Project files area.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id="building-software-from-an-external-source">
        <title>Building Software from an External Source</title>

        <para>
            By default, the Yocto Project build system does its work from within the 
            <link linkend='yocto-project-build-directory'>Yocto Project Build Directory</link>.  
            The build process involves fetching the source files, unpacking them, and then patching them
            if necessary before the build takes place.
        </para>

        <para>
            Situations exist where you might want to build software from source files that are external to 
            and thus outside of the <link linkend='yocto-project-files'>Yocto Project Files</link>.
            For example, suppose you have a project that includes a new BSP with a heavily customized 
            kernel, a very minimal image, and some new user-space recipes.
            And, you want to minimize the exposure to the Yocto Project build system to the 
            development team so that they can focus on their project and maintain everyone's workflow
            as much as possible.
            In this case, you want a kernel source directory on the development machine where the 
            development occurs.
            You want the recipe's 
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
            variable to point to the external directory and use it as is, not copy it.  
        </para>

        <para>
            To build from software that comes from an external source, all you need to do is
            change your recipe so that it inherits the 
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-externalsrc'><filename>externalsrc.bbclass</filename></ulink> 
            class and then sets the 
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
            variable to point to your external source code.
            Here are the statements to put in your recipe:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     inherit externalsrc
     S = "/some/path/to/your/package/source"
            </literallayout>
        </para>

        <para>
            It is important to know that the <filename>externalsrc.bbclass</filename> assumes that the 
            source directory <filename>S</filename> and the build directory 
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-B'><filename>B</filename></ulink>
            are different even though by default these directories are the same.
            This assumption is important because it supports building different variants of the recipe
            by using the 
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBCLASSEXTEND'><filename>BBCLASSEXTEND</filename></ulink>
            variable.
            You could allow the build directory to be the same as the source directory but you would 
            not be able to build more than one variant of the recipe.
            Consequently, if you are building multiple variants of the recipe, you need to establish a 
            build directory that is different than the source directory.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='excluding-recipes-from-the-build'>
        <title>Excluding Recipes From the Build</title>

        <para>
            You might find that there are groups of recipes you want to filter 
            out of the build process.
            For example, recipes you know you will never use or want should not 
            be part of the build.
            Removing these recipes from parsing speeds up parts of the build.
        </para>

        <para>
            It is possible to filter or mask out <filename>.bb</filename> and 
            <filename>.bbappend</filename> files. 
            You can do this by providing an expression with the 
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBMASK'>BBMASK</ulink></filename> 
            variable. 
            Here is an example:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BBMASK = ".*/meta-mymachine/recipes-maybe/"
            </literallayout>
            Here, all <filename>.bb</filename> and <filename>.bbappend</filename> files
            in the directory that match the expression are ignored during the build
            process.
        </para>
    </section>
</chapter>

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