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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK
+
+Building
+********
+
+This section describes various build procedures, such as the steps
+needed for a simple build, building a target for multiple configurations,
+generating an image for more than one machine, and so forth.
+
+Building a Simple Image
+=======================
+
+In the development environment, you need to build an image whenever you
+change hardware support, add or change system libraries, or add or
+change services that have dependencies. There are several methods that allow
+you to build an image within the Yocto Project. This section presents
+the basic steps you need to build a simple image using BitBake from a
+build host running Linux.
+
+.. note::
+
+   -  For information on how to build an image using
+      :term:`Toaster`, see the
+      :doc:`/toaster-manual/index`.
+
+   -  For information on how to use ``devtool`` to build images, see the
+      ":ref:`sdk-manual/extensible:using \`\`devtool\`\` in your sdk workflow`"
+      section in the Yocto Project Application Development and the
+      Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
+
+   -  For a quick example on how to build an image using the
+      OpenEmbedded build system, see the
+      :doc:`/brief-yoctoprojectqs/index` document.
+
+   -  You can also use the `Yocto Project BitBake
+      <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yocto-project.yocto-bitbake>`__
+      extension for Visual Studio Code to build images.
+
+The build process creates an entire Linux distribution from source and
+places it in your :term:`Build Directory` under ``tmp/deploy/images``. For
+detailed information on the build process using BitBake, see the
+":ref:`overview-manual/concepts:images`" section in the Yocto Project Overview
+and Concepts Manual.
+
+The following figure and list overviews the build process:
+
+.. image:: figures/bitbake-build-flow.png
+   :width: 100%
+
+#. *Set up Your Host Development System to Support Development Using the
+   Yocto Project*: See the ":doc:`start`" section for options on how to get a
+   build host ready to use the Yocto Project.
+
+#. *Initialize the Build Environment:* Initialize the build environment
+   by sourcing the build environment script (i.e.
+   :ref:`structure-core-script`)::
+
+      $ source oe-init-build-env [build_dir]
+
+   When you use the initialization script, the OpenEmbedded build system
+   uses ``build`` as the default :term:`Build Directory` in your current work
+   directory. You can use a `build_dir` argument with the script to
+   specify a different :term:`Build Directory`.
+
+   .. note::
+
+      A common practice is to use a different :term:`Build Directory` for
+      different targets; for example, ``~/build/x86`` for a ``qemux86``
+      target, and ``~/build/arm`` for a ``qemuarm`` target. In any
+      event, it's typically cleaner to locate the :term:`Build Directory`
+      somewhere outside of your source directory.
+
+#. *Make Sure Your* ``local.conf`` *File is Correct*: Ensure the
+   ``conf/local.conf`` configuration file, which is found in the
+   :term:`Build Directory`, is set up how you want it. This file defines many
+   aspects of the build environment including the target machine architecture
+   through the :term:`MACHINE` variable, the packaging format used during
+   the build (:term:`PACKAGE_CLASSES`), and a centralized tarball download
+   directory through the :term:`DL_DIR` variable.
+
+#. *Build the Image:* Build the image using the ``bitbake`` command::
+
+      $ bitbake target
+
+   .. note::
+
+      For information on BitBake, see the :doc:`bitbake:index`.
+
+   The target is the name of the recipe you want to build. Common
+   targets are the images in ``meta/recipes-core/images``,
+   ``meta/recipes-sato/images``, and so forth all found in the
+   :term:`Source Directory`. Alternatively, the target
+   can be the name of a recipe for a specific piece of software such as
+   BusyBox. For more details about the images the OpenEmbedded build
+   system supports, see the
+   ":ref:`ref-manual/images:Images`" chapter in the Yocto
+   Project Reference Manual.
+
+   As an example, the following command builds the
+   ``core-image-minimal`` image::
+
+      $ bitbake core-image-minimal
+
+   Once an
+   image has been built, it often needs to be installed. The images and
+   kernels built by the OpenEmbedded build system are placed in the
+   :term:`Build Directory` in ``tmp/deploy/images``. For information on how to
+   run pre-built images such as ``qemux86`` and ``qemuarm``, see the
+   :doc:`/sdk-manual/index` manual. For
+   information about how to install these images, see the documentation
+   for your particular board or machine.
+
+Building Images for Multiple Targets Using Multiple Configurations
+==================================================================
+
+You can use a single ``bitbake`` command to build multiple images or
+packages for different targets where each image or package requires a
+different configuration (multiple configuration builds). The builds, in
+this scenario, are sometimes referred to as "multiconfigs", and this
+section uses that term throughout.
+
+This section describes how to set up for multiple configuration builds
+and how to account for cross-build dependencies between the
+multiconfigs.
+
+Setting Up and Running a Multiple Configuration Build
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+To accomplish a multiple configuration build, you must define each
+target's configuration separately using a parallel configuration file in
+the :term:`Build Directory` or configuration directory within a layer, and you
+must follow a required file hierarchy. Additionally, you must enable the
+multiple configuration builds in your ``local.conf`` file.
+
+Follow these steps to set up and execute multiple configuration builds:
+
+-  *Create Separate Configuration Files*: You need to create a single
+   configuration file for each build target (each multiconfig).
+   The configuration definitions are implementation dependent but often
+   each configuration file will define the machine and the
+   temporary directory BitBake uses for the build. Whether the same
+   temporary directory (:term:`TMPDIR`) can be shared will depend on what is
+   similar and what is different between the configurations. Multiple MACHINE
+   targets can share the same (:term:`TMPDIR`) as long as the rest of the
+   configuration is the same, multiple :term:`DISTRO` settings would need separate
+   (:term:`TMPDIR`) directories.
+
+   For example, consider a scenario with two different multiconfigs for the same
+   :term:`MACHINE`: "qemux86" built
+   for two distributions such as "poky" and "poky-lsb". In this case,
+   you would need to use the different :term:`TMPDIR`.
+
+   Here is an example showing the minimal statements needed in a
+   configuration file for a "qemux86" target whose temporary build
+   directory is ``tmpmultix86``::
+
+      MACHINE = "qemux86"
+      TMPDIR = "${TOPDIR}/tmpmultix86"
+
+   The location for these multiconfig configuration files is specific.
+   They must reside in the current :term:`Build Directory` in a sub-directory of
+   ``conf`` named ``multiconfig`` or within a layer's ``conf`` directory
+   under a directory named ``multiconfig``. Here is an example that defines
+   two configuration files for the "x86" and "arm" multiconfigs:
+
+   .. image:: figures/multiconfig_files.png
+      :align: center
+      :width: 50%
+
+   The usual :term:`BBPATH` search path is used to locate multiconfig files in
+   a similar way to other conf files.
+
+-  *Add the BitBake Multi-configuration Variable to the Local
+   Configuration File*: Use the
+   :term:`BBMULTICONFIG`
+   variable in your ``conf/local.conf`` configuration file to specify
+   each multiconfig. Continuing with the example from the previous
+   figure, the :term:`BBMULTICONFIG` variable needs to enable two
+   multiconfigs: "x86" and "arm" by specifying each configuration file::
+
+      BBMULTICONFIG = "x86 arm"
+
+   .. note::
+
+      A "default" configuration already exists by definition. This
+      configuration is named: "" (i.e. empty string) and is defined by
+      the variables coming from your ``local.conf``
+      file. Consequently, the previous example actually adds two
+      additional configurations to your build: "arm" and "x86" along
+      with "".
+
+-  *Launch BitBake*: Use the following BitBake command form to launch
+   the multiple configuration build::
+
+      $ bitbake [mc:multiconfigname:]target [[[mc:multiconfigname:]target] ... ]
+
+   For the example in this section, the following command applies::
+
+      $ bitbake mc:x86:core-image-minimal mc:arm:core-image-sato mc::core-image-base
+
+   The previous BitBake command builds a ``core-image-minimal`` image
+   that is configured through the ``x86.conf`` configuration file, a
+   ``core-image-sato`` image that is configured through the ``arm.conf``
+   configuration file and a ``core-image-base`` that is configured
+   through your ``local.conf`` configuration file.
+
+.. note::
+
+   Support for multiple configuration builds in the Yocto Project &DISTRO;
+   (&DISTRO_NAME;) Release does not include Shared State (sstate)
+   optimizations. Consequently, if a build uses the same object twice
+   in, for example, two different :term:`TMPDIR`
+   directories, the build either loads from an existing sstate cache for
+   that build at the start or builds the object fresh.
+
+Enabling Multiple Configuration Build Dependencies
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+Sometimes dependencies can exist between targets (multiconfigs) in a
+multiple configuration build. For example, suppose that in order to
+build a ``core-image-sato`` image for an "x86" multiconfig, the root
+filesystem of an "arm" multiconfig must exist. This dependency is
+essentially that the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-image` task in the
+``core-image-sato`` recipe depends on the completion of the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-rootfs` task of the
+``core-image-minimal`` recipe.
+
+To enable dependencies in a multiple configuration build, you must
+declare the dependencies in the recipe using the following statement
+form::
+
+   task_or_package[mcdepends] = "mc:from_multiconfig:to_multiconfig:recipe_name:task_on_which_to_depend"
+
+To better show how to use this statement, consider the example scenario
+from the first paragraph of this section. The following statement needs
+to be added to the recipe that builds the ``core-image-sato`` image::
+
+   do_image[mcdepends] = "mc:x86:arm:core-image-minimal:do_rootfs"
+
+In this example, the `from_multiconfig` is "x86". The `to_multiconfig` is "arm". The
+task on which the :ref:`ref-tasks-image` task in the recipe depends is the
+:ref:`ref-tasks-rootfs` task from the ``core-image-minimal`` recipe associated
+with the "arm" multiconfig.
+
+Once you set up this dependency, you can build the "x86" multiconfig
+using a BitBake command as follows::
+
+   $ bitbake mc:x86:core-image-sato
+
+This command executes all the tasks needed to create the
+``core-image-sato`` image for the "x86" multiconfig. Because of the
+dependency, BitBake also executes through the :ref:`ref-tasks-rootfs` task for the
+"arm" multiconfig build.
+
+Having a recipe depend on the root filesystem of another build might not
+seem that useful. Consider this change to the statement in the
+``core-image-sato`` recipe::
+
+   do_image[mcdepends] = "mc:x86:arm:core-image-minimal:do_image"
+
+In this case, BitBake must
+create the ``core-image-minimal`` image for the "arm" build since the
+"x86" build depends on it.
+
+Because "x86" and "arm" are enabled for multiple configuration builds
+and have separate configuration files, BitBake places the artifacts for
+each build in the respective temporary build directories (i.e.
+:term:`TMPDIR`).
+
+Building an Initial RAM Filesystem (Initramfs) Image
+====================================================
+
+An initial RAM filesystem (:term:`Initramfs`) image provides a temporary root
+filesystem used for early system initialization, typically providing tools and
+loading modules needed to locate and mount the final root filesystem.
+
+Follow these steps to create an :term:`Initramfs` image:
+
+#. *Create the Initramfs Image Recipe:* You can reference the
+   ``core-image-minimal-initramfs.bb`` recipe found in the
+   ``meta/recipes-core`` directory of the :term:`Source Directory`
+   as an example from which to work.
+
+#. *Decide if You Need to Bundle the Initramfs Image Into the Kernel
+   Image:* If you want the :term:`Initramfs` image that is built to be bundled
+   in with the kernel image, set the :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE`
+   variable to ``"1"`` in your ``local.conf`` configuration file and set the
+   :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE` variable in the recipe that builds the kernel image.
+
+   Setting the :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE` flag causes the :term:`Initramfs`
+   image to be unpacked into the ``${B}/usr/`` directory. The unpacked
+   :term:`Initramfs` image is then passed to the kernel's ``Makefile`` using the
+   :term:`CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE` variable, allowing the :term:`Initramfs`
+   image to be built into the kernel normally.
+
+#. *Optionally Add Items to the Initramfs Image Through the Initramfs
+   Image Recipe:* If you add items to the :term:`Initramfs` image by way of its
+   recipe, you should use :term:`PACKAGE_INSTALL` rather than
+   :term:`IMAGE_INSTALL`. :term:`PACKAGE_INSTALL` gives more direct control of
+   what is added to the image as compared to the defaults you might not
+   necessarily want that are set by the :ref:`ref-classes-image`
+   or :ref:`ref-classes-core-image` classes.
+
+#. *Build the Kernel Image and the Initramfs Image:* Build your kernel
+   image using BitBake. Because the :term:`Initramfs` image recipe is a
+   dependency of the kernel image, the :term:`Initramfs` image is built as well
+   and bundled with the kernel image if you used the
+   :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE` variable described earlier.
+
+Bundling an Initramfs Image From a Separate Multiconfig
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+There may be a case where we want to build an :term:`Initramfs` image which does not
+inherit the same distro policy as our main image, for example, we may want
+our main image to use ``TCLIBC="glibc"``, but to use ``TCLIBC="musl"`` in our :term:`Initramfs`
+image to keep a smaller footprint. However, by performing the steps mentioned
+above the :term:`Initramfs` image will inherit ``TCLIBC="glibc"`` without allowing us
+to override it.
+
+To achieve this, you need to perform some additional steps:
+
+#. *Create a multiconfig for your Initramfs image:* You can perform the steps
+   on ":ref:`dev-manual/building:building images for multiple targets using multiple configurations`" to create a separate multiconfig.
+   For the sake of simplicity let's assume such multiconfig is called: ``initramfscfg.conf`` and
+   contains the variables::
+
+      TMPDIR="${TOPDIR}/tmp-initramfscfg"
+      TCLIBC="musl"
+
+#. *Set additional Initramfs variables on your main configuration:*
+   Additionally, on your main configuration (``local.conf``) you need to set the
+   variables::
+
+     INITRAMFS_MULTICONFIG = "initramfscfg"
+     INITRAMFS_DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE = "${TOPDIR}/tmp-initramfscfg/deploy/images/${MACHINE}"
+
+   The variables :term:`INITRAMFS_MULTICONFIG` and :term:`INITRAMFS_DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE`
+   are used to create a multiconfig dependency from the kernel to the :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE`
+   to be built coming from the ``initramfscfg`` multiconfig, and to let the
+   buildsystem know where the :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE` will be located.
+
+   Building a system with such configuration will build the kernel using the
+   main configuration but the :ref:`ref-tasks-bundle_initramfs` task will grab the
+   selected :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE` from :term:`INITRAMFS_DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE`
+   instead, resulting in a musl based :term:`Initramfs` image bundled in the kernel
+   but a glibc based main image.
+
+   The same is applicable to avoid inheriting :term:`DISTRO_FEATURES` on :term:`INITRAMFS_IMAGE`
+   or to build a different :term:`DISTRO` for it such as ``poky-tiny``.
+
+
+Building a Tiny System
+======================
+
+Very small distributions have some significant advantages such as
+requiring less on-die or in-package memory (cheaper), better performance
+through efficient cache usage, lower power requirements due to less
+memory, faster boot times, and reduced development overhead. Some
+real-world examples where a very small distribution gives you distinct
+advantages are digital cameras, medical devices, and small headless
+systems.
+
+This section presents information that shows you how you can trim your
+distribution to even smaller sizes than the ``poky-tiny`` distribution,
+which is around 5 Mbytes, that can be built out-of-the-box using the
+Yocto Project.
+
+Tiny System Overview
+--------------------
+
+The following list presents the overall steps you need to consider and
+perform to create distributions with smaller root filesystems, achieve
+faster boot times, maintain your critical functionality, and avoid
+initial RAM disks:
+
+-  :ref:`Determine your goals and guiding principles
+   <dev-manual/building:goals and guiding principles>`
+
+-  :ref:`dev-manual/building:understand what contributes to your image size`
+
+-  :ref:`Reduce the size of the root filesystem
+   <dev-manual/building:trim the root filesystem>`
+
+-  :ref:`Reduce the size of the kernel <dev-manual/building:trim the kernel>`
+
+-  :ref:`dev-manual/building:remove package management requirements`
+
+-  :ref:`dev-manual/building:look for other ways to minimize size`
+
+-  :ref:`dev-manual/building:iterate on the process`
+
+Goals and Guiding Principles
+----------------------------
+
+Before you can reach your destination, you need to know where you are
+going. Here is an example list that you can use as a guide when creating
+very small distributions:
+
+-  Determine how much space you need (e.g. a kernel that is 1 Mbyte or
+   less and a root filesystem that is 3 Mbytes or less).
+
+-  Find the areas that are currently taking 90% of the space and
+   concentrate on reducing those areas.
+
+-  Do not create any difficult "hacks" to achieve your goals.
+
+-  Leverage the device-specific options.
+
+-  Work in a separate layer so that you keep changes isolated. For
+   information on how to create layers, see the
+   ":ref:`dev-manual/layers:understanding and creating layers`" section.
+
+Understand What Contributes to Your Image Size
+----------------------------------------------
+
+It is easiest to have something to start with when creating your own
+distribution. You can use the Yocto Project out-of-the-box to create the
+``poky-tiny`` distribution. Ultimately, you will want to make changes in
+your own distribution that are likely modeled after ``poky-tiny``.
+
+.. note::
+
+   To use ``poky-tiny`` in your build, set the :term:`DISTRO` variable in your
+   ``local.conf`` file to "poky-tiny" as described in the
+   ":ref:`dev-manual/custom-distribution:creating your own distribution`"
+   section.
+
+Understanding some memory concepts will help you reduce the system size.
+Memory consists of static, dynamic, and temporary memory. Static memory
+is the TEXT (code), DATA (initialized data in the code), and BSS
+(uninitialized data) sections. Dynamic memory represents memory that is
+allocated at runtime: stacks, hash tables, and so forth. Temporary
+memory is recovered after the boot process. This memory consists of
+memory used for decompressing the kernel and for the ``__init__``
+functions.
+
+To help you see where you currently are with kernel and root filesystem
+sizes, you can use two tools found in the :term:`Source Directory`
+in the
+``scripts/tiny/`` directory:
+
+-  ``ksize.py``: Reports component sizes for the kernel build objects.
+
+-  ``dirsize.py``: Reports component sizes for the root filesystem.
+
+This next tool and command help you organize configuration fragments and
+view file dependencies in a human-readable form:
+
+-  ``merge_config.sh``: Helps you manage configuration files and
+   fragments within the kernel. With this tool, you can merge individual
+   configuration fragments together. The tool allows you to make
+   overrides and warns you of any missing configuration options. The
+   tool is ideal for allowing you to iterate on configurations, create
+   minimal configurations, and create configuration files for different
+   machines without having to duplicate your process.
+
+   The ``merge_config.sh`` script is part of the Linux Yocto kernel Git
+   repositories (i.e. ``linux-yocto-3.14``, ``linux-yocto-3.10``,
+   ``linux-yocto-3.8``, and so forth) in the ``scripts/kconfig``
+   directory.
+
+   For more information on configuration fragments, see the
+   ":ref:`kernel-dev/common:creating configuration fragments`"
+   section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.
+
+-  ``bitbake -u taskexp -g bitbake_target``: Using the BitBake command
+   with these options brings up a Dependency Explorer from which you can
+   view file dependencies. Understanding these dependencies allows you
+   to make informed decisions when cutting out various pieces of the
+   kernel and root filesystem.
+
+Trim the Root Filesystem
+------------------------
+
+The root filesystem is made up of packages for booting, libraries, and
+applications. To change things, you can configure how the packaging
+happens, which changes the way you build them. You can also modify the
+filesystem itself or select a different filesystem.
+
+First, find out what is hogging your root filesystem by running the
+``dirsize.py`` script from your root directory::
+
+   $ cd root-directory-of-image
+   $ dirsize.py 100000 > dirsize-100k.log
+   $ cat dirsize-100k.log
+
+You can apply a filter to the script to ignore files
+under a certain size. The previous example filters out any files below
+100 Kbytes. The sizes reported by the tool are uncompressed, and thus
+will be smaller by a relatively constant factor in a compressed root
+filesystem. When you examine your log file, you can focus on areas of
+the root filesystem that take up large amounts of memory.
+
+You need to be sure that what you eliminate does not cripple the
+functionality you need. One way to see how packages relate to each other
+is by using the Dependency Explorer UI with the BitBake command::
+
+   $ cd image-directory
+   $ bitbake -u taskexp -g image
+
+Use the interface to
+select potential packages you wish to eliminate and see their dependency
+relationships.
+
+When deciding how to reduce the size, get rid of packages that result in
+minimal impact on the feature set. For example, you might not need a VGA
+display. Or, you might be able to get by with ``devtmpfs`` and ``mdev``
+instead of ``udev``.
+
+Use your ``local.conf`` file to make changes. For example, to eliminate
+``udev`` and ``glib``, set the following in the local configuration
+file::
+
+   VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_dev_manager = ""
+
+Finally, you should consider exactly the type of root filesystem you
+need to meet your needs while also reducing its size. For example,
+consider ``cramfs``, ``squashfs``, ``ubifs``, ``ext2``, or an
+:term:`Initramfs` using ``initramfs``. Be aware that ``ext3`` requires a 1
+Mbyte journal. If you are okay with running read-only, you do not need
+this journal.
+
+.. note::
+
+   After each round of elimination, you need to rebuild your system and
+   then use the tools to see the effects of your reductions.
+
+Trim the Kernel
+---------------
+
+The kernel is built by including policies for hardware-independent
+aspects. What subsystems do you enable? For what architecture are you
+building? Which drivers do you build by default?
+
+.. note::
+
+   You can modify the kernel source if you want to help with boot time.
+
+Run the ``ksize.py`` script from the top-level Linux build directory to
+get an idea of what is making up the kernel::
+
+   $ cd top-level-linux-build-directory
+   $ ksize.py > ksize.log
+   $ cat ksize.log
+
+When you examine the log, you will see how much space is taken up with
+the built-in ``.o`` files for drivers, networking, core kernel files,
+filesystem, sound, and so forth. The sizes reported by the tool are
+uncompressed, and thus will be smaller by a relatively constant factor
+in a compressed kernel image. Look to reduce the areas that are large
+and taking up around the "90% rule."
+
+To examine, or drill down, into any particular area, use the ``-d``
+option with the script::
+
+   $ ksize.py -d > ksize.log
+
+Using this option
+breaks out the individual file information for each area of the kernel
+(e.g. drivers, networking, and so forth).
+
+Use your log file to see what you can eliminate from the kernel based on
+features you can let go. For example, if you are not going to need
+sound, you do not need any drivers that support sound.
+
+After figuring out what to eliminate, you need to reconfigure the kernel
+to reflect those changes during the next build. You could run
+``menuconfig`` and make all your changes at once. However, that makes it
+difficult to see the effects of your individual eliminations and also
+makes it difficult to replicate the changes for perhaps another target
+device. A better method is to start with no configurations using
+``allnoconfig``, create configuration fragments for individual changes,
+and then manage the fragments into a single configuration file using
+``merge_config.sh``. The tool makes it easy for you to iterate using the
+configuration change and build cycle.
+
+Each time you make configuration changes, you need to rebuild the kernel
+and check to see what impact your changes had on the overall size.
+
+Remove Package Management Requirements
+--------------------------------------
+
+Packaging requirements add size to the image. One way to reduce the size
+of the image is to remove all the packaging requirements from the image.
+This reduction includes both removing the package manager and its unique
+dependencies as well as removing the package management data itself.
+
+To eliminate all the packaging requirements for an image, be sure that
+"package-management" is not part of your
+:term:`IMAGE_FEATURES`
+statement for the image. When you remove this feature, you are removing
+the package manager as well as its dependencies from the root
+filesystem.
+
+Look for Other Ways to Minimize Size
+------------------------------------
+
+Depending on your particular circumstances, other areas that you can
+trim likely exist. The key to finding these areas is through tools and
+methods described here combined with experimentation and iteration. Here
+are a couple of areas to experiment with:
+
+-  ``glibc``: In general, follow this process:
+
+   #. Remove ``glibc`` features from
+      :term:`DISTRO_FEATURES`
+      that you think you do not need.
+
+   #. Build your distribution.
+
+   #. If the build fails due to missing symbols in a package, determine
+      if you can reconfigure the package to not need those features. For
+      example, change the configuration to not support wide character
+      support as is done for ``ncurses``. Or, if support for those
+      characters is needed, determine what ``glibc`` features provide
+      the support and restore the configuration.
+
+   4. Rebuild and repeat the process.
+
+-  ``busybox``: For BusyBox, use a process similar as described for
+   ``glibc``. A difference is you will need to boot the resulting system
+   to see if you are able to do everything you expect from the running
+   system. You need to be sure to integrate configuration fragments into
+   Busybox because BusyBox handles its own core features and then allows
+   you to add configuration fragments on top.
+
+Iterate on the Process
+----------------------
+
+If you have not reached your goals on system size, you need to iterate
+on the process. The process is the same. Use the tools and see just what
+is taking up 90% of the root filesystem and the kernel. Decide what you
+can eliminate without limiting your device beyond what you need.
+
+Depending on your system, a good place to look might be Busybox, which
+provides a stripped down version of Unix tools in a single, executable
+file. You might be able to drop virtual terminal services or perhaps
+ipv6.
+
+Building Images for More than One Machine
+=========================================
+
+A common scenario developers face is creating images for several
+different machines that use the same software environment. In this
+situation, it is tempting to set the tunings and optimization flags for
+each build specifically for the targeted hardware (i.e. "maxing out" the
+tunings). Doing so can considerably add to build times and package feed
+maintenance collectively for the machines. For example, selecting tunes
+that are extremely specific to a CPU core used in a system might enable
+some micro optimizations in GCC for that particular system but would
+otherwise not gain you much of a performance difference across the other
+systems as compared to using a more general tuning across all the builds
+(e.g. setting :term:`DEFAULTTUNE`
+specifically for each machine's build). Rather than "max out" each
+build's tunings, you can take steps that cause the OpenEmbedded build
+system to reuse software across the various machines where it makes
+sense.
+
+If build speed and package feed maintenance are considerations, you
+should consider the points in this section that can help you optimize
+your tunings to best consider build times and package feed maintenance.
+
+-  *Share the :term:`Build Directory`:* If at all possible, share the
+   :term:`TMPDIR` across builds. The Yocto Project supports switching between
+   different :term:`MACHINE` values in the same :term:`TMPDIR`. This practice
+   is well supported and regularly used by developers when building for
+   multiple machines. When you use the same :term:`TMPDIR` for multiple
+   machine builds, the OpenEmbedded build system can reuse the existing native
+   and often cross-recipes for multiple machines. Thus, build time decreases.
+
+   .. note::
+
+      If :term:`DISTRO` settings change or fundamental configuration settings
+      such as the filesystem layout, you need to work with a clean :term:`TMPDIR`.
+      Sharing :term:`TMPDIR` under these circumstances might work but since it is
+      not guaranteed, you should use a clean :term:`TMPDIR`.
+
+-  *Enable the Appropriate Package Architecture:* By default, the
+   OpenEmbedded build system enables three levels of package
+   architectures: "all", "tune" or "package", and "machine". Any given
+   recipe usually selects one of these package architectures (types) for
+   its output. Depending for what a given recipe creates packages,
+   making sure you enable the appropriate package architecture can
+   directly impact the build time.
+
+   A recipe that just generates scripts can enable "all" architecture
+   because there are no binaries to build. To specifically enable "all"
+   architecture, be sure your recipe inherits the
+   :ref:`ref-classes-allarch` class.
+   This class is useful for "all" architectures because it configures
+   many variables so packages can be used across multiple architectures.
+
+   If your recipe needs to generate packages that are machine-specific
+   or when one of the build or runtime dependencies is already
+   machine-architecture dependent, which makes your recipe also
+   machine-architecture dependent, make sure your recipe enables the
+   "machine" package architecture through the
+   :term:`MACHINE_ARCH`
+   variable::
+
+      PACKAGE_ARCH = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"
+
+   When you do not
+   specifically enable a package architecture through the
+   :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH`, The
+   OpenEmbedded build system defaults to the
+   :term:`TUNE_PKGARCH` setting::
+
+      PACKAGE_ARCH = "${TUNE_PKGARCH}"
+
+-  *Choose a Generic Tuning File if Possible:* Some tunes are more
+   generic and can run on multiple targets (e.g. an ``armv5`` set of
+   packages could run on ``armv6`` and ``armv7`` processors in most
+   cases). Similarly, ``i486`` binaries could work on ``i586`` and
+   higher processors. You should realize, however, that advances on
+   newer processor versions would not be used.
+
+   If you select the same tune for several different machines, the
+   OpenEmbedded build system reuses software previously built, thus
+   speeding up the overall build time. Realize that even though a new
+   sysroot for each machine is generated, the software is not recompiled
+   and only one package feed exists.
+
+-  *Manage Granular Level Packaging:* Sometimes there are cases where
+   injecting another level of package architecture beyond the three
+   higher levels noted earlier can be useful. For example, consider how
+   NXP (formerly Freescale) allows for the easy reuse of binary packages
+   in their layer
+   :yocto_git:`meta-freescale </meta-freescale/>`.
+   In this example, the
+   :yocto_git:`fsl-dynamic-packagearch </meta-freescale/tree/classes/fsl-dynamic-packagearch.bbclass>`
+   class shares GPU packages for i.MX53 boards because all boards share
+   the AMD GPU. The i.MX6-based boards can do the same because all
+   boards share the Vivante GPU. This class inspects the BitBake
+   datastore to identify if the package provides or depends on one of
+   the sub-architecture values. If so, the class sets the
+   :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH` value
+   based on the ``MACHINE_SUBARCH`` value. If the package does not
+   provide or depend on one of the sub-architecture values but it
+   matches a value in the machine-specific filter, it sets
+   :term:`MACHINE_ARCH`. This
+   behavior reduces the number of packages built and saves build time by
+   reusing binaries.
+
+-  *Use Tools to Debug Issues:* Sometimes you can run into situations
+   where software is being rebuilt when you think it should not be. For
+   example, the OpenEmbedded build system might not be using shared
+   state between machines when you think it should be. These types of
+   situations are usually due to references to machine-specific
+   variables such as :term:`MACHINE`,
+   :term:`SERIAL_CONSOLES`,
+   :term:`XSERVER`,
+   :term:`MACHINE_FEATURES`,
+   and so forth in code that is supposed to only be tune-specific or
+   when the recipe depends
+   (:term:`DEPENDS`,
+   :term:`RDEPENDS`,
+   :term:`RRECOMMENDS`,
+   :term:`RSUGGESTS`, and so forth)
+   on some other recipe that already has
+   :term:`PACKAGE_ARCH` defined
+   as "${MACHINE_ARCH}".
+
+   .. note::
+
+      Patches to fix any issues identified are most welcome as these
+      issues occasionally do occur.
+
+   For such cases, you can use some tools to help you sort out the
+   situation:
+
+   -  ``state-diff-machines.sh``*:* You can find this tool in the
+      ``scripts`` directory of the Source Repositories. See the comments
+      in the script for information on how to use the tool.
+
+   -  *BitBake's "-S printdiff" Option:* Using this option causes
+      BitBake to try to establish the most recent signature match
+      (e.g. in the shared state cache) and then compare matched signatures
+      to determine the stamps and delta where these two stamp trees diverge.
+
+Building Software from an External Source
+=========================================
+
+By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the :term:`Build Directory`
+when building source code. The build process involves fetching the source
+files, unpacking them, and then patching them if necessary before the build
+takes place.
+
+There are situations where you might want to build software from source
+files that are external to and thus outside of the OpenEmbedded build
+system. For example, suppose you have a project that includes a new BSP
+with a heavily customized kernel. And, you want to minimize exposing the
+build system to the development team so that they can focus on their
+project and maintain everyone's workflow as much as possible. In this
+case, you want a kernel source directory on the development machine
+where the development occurs. You want the recipe's
+:term:`SRC_URI` variable to point to
+the external directory and use it as is, not copy it.
+
+To build from software that comes from an external source, all you need to do
+is inherit the :ref:`ref-classes-externalsrc` class and then set
+the :term:`EXTERNALSRC` variable to point to your external source code. Here
+are the statements to put in your ``local.conf`` file::
+
+   INHERIT += "externalsrc"
+   EXTERNALSRC:pn-myrecipe = "path-to-your-source-tree"
+
+This next example shows how to accomplish the same thing by setting
+:term:`EXTERNALSRC` in the recipe itself or in the recipe's append file::
+
+   EXTERNALSRC = "path"
+   EXTERNALSRC_BUILD = "path"
+
+.. note::
+
+   In order for these settings to take effect, you must globally or
+   locally inherit the :ref:`ref-classes-externalsrc` class.
+
+By default, :ref:`ref-classes-externalsrc` builds the source code in a
+directory separate from the external source directory as specified by
+:term:`EXTERNALSRC`. If you need
+to have the source built in the same directory in which it resides, or
+some other nominated directory, you can set
+:term:`EXTERNALSRC_BUILD`
+to point to that directory::
+
+   EXTERNALSRC_BUILD:pn-myrecipe = "path-to-your-source-tree"
+
+Replicating a Build Offline
+===========================
+
+It can be useful to take a "snapshot" of upstream sources used in a
+build and then use that "snapshot" later to replicate the build offline.
+To do so, you need to first prepare and populate your downloads
+directory your "snapshot" of files. Once your downloads directory is
+ready, you can use it at any time and from any machine to replicate your
+build.
+
+Follow these steps to populate your Downloads directory:
+
+#. *Create a Clean Downloads Directory:* Start with an empty downloads
+   directory (:term:`DL_DIR`). You
+   start with an empty downloads directory by either removing the files
+   in the existing directory or by setting :term:`DL_DIR` to point to either
+   an empty location or one that does not yet exist.
+
+#. *Generate Tarballs of the Source Git Repositories:* Edit your
+   ``local.conf`` configuration file as follows::
+
+      DL_DIR = "/home/your-download-dir/"
+      BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS = "1"
+
+   During
+   the fetch process in the next step, BitBake gathers the source files
+   and creates tarballs in the directory pointed to by :term:`DL_DIR`. See
+   the
+   :term:`BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS`
+   variable for more information.
+
+#. *Populate Your Downloads Directory Without Building:* Use BitBake to
+   fetch your sources but inhibit the build::
+
+      $ bitbake target --runonly=fetch
+
+   The downloads directory (i.e. ``${DL_DIR}``) now has
+   a "snapshot" of the source files in the form of tarballs, which can
+   be used for the build.
+
+#. *Optionally Remove Any Git or other SCM Subdirectories From the
+   Downloads Directory:* If you want, you can clean up your downloads
+   directory by removing any Git or other Source Control Management
+   (SCM) subdirectories such as ``${DL_DIR}/git2/*``. The tarballs
+   already contain these subdirectories.
+
+Once your downloads directory has everything it needs regarding source
+files, you can create your "own-mirror" and build your target.
+Understand that you can use the files to build the target offline from
+any machine and at any time.
+
+Follow these steps to build your target using the files in the downloads
+directory:
+
+#. *Using Local Files Only:* Inside your ``local.conf`` file, add the
+   :term:`SOURCE_MIRROR_URL` variable, inherit the
+   :ref:`ref-classes-own-mirrors` class, and use the
+   :term:`BB_NO_NETWORK` variable to your ``local.conf``::
+
+      SOURCE_MIRROR_URL ?= "file:///home/your-download-dir/"
+      INHERIT += "own-mirrors"
+      BB_NO_NETWORK = "1"
+
+   The :term:`SOURCE_MIRROR_URL` and :ref:`ref-classes-own-mirrors`
+   class set up the system to use the downloads directory as your "own
+   mirror". Using the :term:`BB_NO_NETWORK` variable makes sure that
+   BitBake's fetching process in step 3 stays local, which means files
+   from your "own-mirror" are used.
+
+#. *Start With a Clean Build:* You can start with a clean build by
+   removing the ``${``\ :term:`TMPDIR`\ ``}`` directory or using a new
+   :term:`Build Directory`.
+
+#. *Build Your Target:* Use BitBake to build your target::
+
+      $ bitbake target
+
+   The build completes using the known local "snapshot" of source
+   files from your mirror. The resulting tarballs for your "snapshot" of
+   source files are in the downloads directory.
+
+   .. note::
+
+      The offline build does not work if recipes attempt to find the
+      latest version of software by setting
+      :term:`SRCREV` to
+      ``${``\ :term:`AUTOREV`\ ``}``::
+
+         SRCREV = "${AUTOREV}"
+
+      When a recipe sets :term:`SRCREV` to
+      ``${``\ :term:`AUTOREV`\ ``}``, the build system accesses the network in an
+      attempt to determine the latest version of software from the SCM.
+      Typically, recipes that use :term:`AUTOREV` are custom or modified
+      recipes. Recipes that reside in public repositories usually do not
+      use :term:`AUTOREV`.
+
+      If you do have recipes that use :term:`AUTOREV`, you can take steps to
+      still use the recipes in an offline build. Do the following:
+
+      #. Use a configuration generated by enabling :ref:`build
+         history <dev-manual/build-quality:maintaining build output quality>`.
+
+      #. Use the ``buildhistory-collect-srcrevs`` command to collect the
+         stored :term:`SRCREV` values from the build's history. For more
+         information on collecting these values, see the
+         ":ref:`dev-manual/build-quality:build history package information`"
+         section.
+
+      #. Once you have the correct source revisions, you can modify
+         those recipes to set :term:`SRCREV` to specific versions of the
+         software.
+