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<chapter id='overview-concepts'>
<title>Yocto Project Concepts</title>

    <para>
        This chapter describes concepts for various areas of the Yocto Project.
        Currently, topics include Yocto Project components, cross-development
        generation, shared state (sstate) cache, runtime dependencies,
        Pseudo and Fakeroot, x32 psABI, Wayland support, and Licenses.
    </para>

    <section id='yocto-project-components'>
        <title>Yocto Project Components</title>

        <para>
            The
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#bitbake-term'>BitBake</ulink>
            task executor together with various types of configuration files
            form the OpenEmbedded Core.
            This section overviews these components by describing their use and
            how they interact.
        </para>

        <para>
            BitBake handles the parsing and execution of the data files.
            The data itself is of various types:
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Recipes:</emphasis>
                    Provides details about particular pieces of software.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Class Data:</emphasis>
                    Abstracts common build information (e.g. how to build a
                    Linux kernel).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Configuration Data:</emphasis>
                    Defines machine-specific settings, policy decisions, and
                    so forth.
                    Configuration data acts as the glue to bind everything
                    together.
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            BitBake knows how to combine multiple data sources together and
            refers to each data source as a layer.
            For information on layers, see the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>"
            section of the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
        </para>

        <para>
            Following are some brief details on these core components.
            For additional information on how these components interact during
            a build, see the
            "<link linkend='development-concepts'>Development Concepts</link>"
            section.
        </para>

        <section id='usingpoky-components-bitbake'>
            <title>BitBake</title>

            <para>
                BitBake is the tool at the heart of the OpenEmbedded build
                system and is responsible for parsing the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>,
                generating a list of tasks from it, and then executing those
                tasks.
            </para>

            <para>
                This section briefly introduces BitBake.
                If you want more information on BitBake, see the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bitbake-user-manual'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
            </para>

            <para>
                To see a list of the options BitBake supports, use either of
                the following commands:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -h
     $ bitbake --help
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                The most common usage for BitBake is
                <filename>bitbake <replaceable>packagename</replaceable></filename>,
                where <filename>packagename</filename> is the name of the
                package you want to build (referred to as the "target" in this
                manual).
                The target often equates to the first part of a recipe's
                filename (e.g. "foo" for a recipe named
                <filename>foo_1.3.0-r0.bb</filename>).
                So, to process the
                <filename>matchbox-desktop_1.2.3.bb</filename> recipe file, you
                might type the following:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake matchbox-desktop
                </literallayout>
                Several different versions of
                <filename>matchbox-desktop</filename> might exist.
                BitBake chooses the one selected by the distribution
                configuration.
                You can get more details about how BitBake chooses between
                different target versions and providers in the
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#bb-bitbake-preferences'>Preferences</ulink>"
                section of the BitBake User Manual.
            </para>

            <para>
                BitBake also tries to execute any dependent tasks first.
                So for example, before building
                <filename>matchbox-desktop</filename>, BitBake would build a
                cross compiler and <filename>glibc</filename> if they had not
                already been built.
            </para>

            <para>
                A useful BitBake option to consider is the
                <filename>-k</filename> or <filename>--continue</filename>
                option.
                This option instructs BitBake to try and continue processing
                the job as long as possible even after encountering an error.
                When an error occurs, the target that failed and those that
                depend on it cannot be remade.
                However, when you use this option other dependencies can
                still be processed.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-components-metadata'>
            <title>Metadata (Recipes)</title>

            <para>
                Files that have the <filename>.bb</filename> suffix are
                "recipes" files.
                In general, a recipe contains information about a single piece
                of software.
                This information includes the location from which to download
                the unaltered source, any source patches to be applied to that
                source (if needed), which special configuration options to
                apply, how to compile the source files, and how to package the
                compiled output.
            </para>

            <para>
                The term "package" is sometimes used to refer to recipes.
                However, since the word "package" is used for the packaged
                output from the OpenEmbedded build system (i.e.
                <filename>.ipk</filename> or <filename>.deb</filename> files),
                this document avoids using the term "package" when referring
                to recipes.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='metadata-virtual-providers'>
            <title>Metadata (Virtual Providers)</title>

            <para>
                Prior to the build, if you know that several different recipes
                provide the same functionality, you can use a virtual provider
                (i.e. <filename>virtual/*</filename>) as a placeholder for the
                actual provider.
                The actual provider would be determined at build time.
                In this case, you should add <filename>virtual/*</filename>
                to
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPENDS'><filename>DEPENDS</filename></ulink>,
                rather than listing the specified provider.
                You would select the actual provider by setting the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PREFERRED_PROVIDER'><filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER</filename></ulink>
                variable (i.e.
                <filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/*</filename>)
                in the build's configuration file (e.g.
                <filename>poky/build/conf/local.conf</filename>).
                <note>
                    Any recipe that PROVIDES a <filename>virtual/*</filename>
                    item that is ultimately not selected through
                    <filename>PREFERRED_PROVIDER</filename> does not get built.
                    Preventing these recipes from building is usually the
                    desired behavior since this mechanism's purpose is to
                    select between mutually exclusive alternative providers.
                </note>
            </para>

            <para>
                The following lists specific examples of virtual providers:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>virtual/mesa</filename>:
                        Provides <filename>gbm.pc</filename>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>virtual/egl</filename>:
                        Provides <filename>egl.pc</filename> and possibly
                        <filename>wayland-egl.pc</filename>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>virtual/libgl</filename>:
                        Provides <filename>gl.pc</filename> (i.e. libGL).
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>virtual/libgles1</filename>:
                        Provides <filename>glesv1_cm.pc</filename>
                        (i.e. libGLESv1_CM).
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>virtual/libgles2</filename>:
                        Provides <filename>glesv2.pc</filename>
                        (i.e. libGLESv2).
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-components-classes'>
            <title>Classes</title>

            <para>
                Class files (<filename>.bbclass</filename>) contain information
                that is useful to share between
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>
                files.
                An example is the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools</filename></ulink>
                class, which contains common settings for any application that
                Autotools uses.
                The
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes'>Classes</ulink>"
                chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual provides
                details about classes and how to use them.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='usingpoky-components-configuration'>
            <title>Configuration</title>

            <para>
                The configuration files (<filename>.conf</filename>) define
                various configuration variables that govern the OpenEmbedded
                build process.
                These files fall into several areas that define machine
                configuration options, distribution configuration options,
                compiler tuning options, general common configuration options,
                and user configuration options in
                <filename>local.conf</filename>, which is found in the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id="cross-development-toolchain-generation">
        <title>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</title>

        <para>
            The Yocto Project does most of the work for you when it comes to
            creating
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#cross-development-toolchain'>cross-development toolchains</ulink>.
            This section provides some technical background on how
            cross-development toolchains are created and used.
            For more information on toolchains, you can also see the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK)</ulink>
            manual.
        </para>

        <para>
            In the Yocto Project development environment, cross-development
            toolchains are used to build the image and applications that run
            on the target hardware.
            With just a few commands, the OpenEmbedded build system creates
            these necessary toolchains for you.
        </para>

        <para>
            The following figure shows a high-level build environment regarding
            toolchain construction and use.
        </para>

        <para>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/cross-development-toolchains.png" width="8in" depth="6in" align="center" />
        </para>

        <para>
            Most of the work occurs on the Build Host.
            This is the machine used to build images and generally work within the
            the Yocto Project environment.
            When you run BitBake to create an image, the OpenEmbedded build system
            uses the host <filename>gcc</filename> compiler to bootstrap a
            cross-compiler named <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
            The <filename>gcc-cross</filename> compiler is what BitBake uses to
            compile source files when creating the target image.
            You can think of <filename>gcc-cross</filename> simply as an
            automatically generated cross-compiler that is used internally within
            BitBake only.
            <note>
                The extensible SDK does not use
                <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename> since this SDK
                ships a copy of the OpenEmbedded build system and the sysroot
                within it contains <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            The chain of events that occurs when <filename>gcc-cross</filename> is
            bootstrapped is as follows:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     gcc -> binutils-cross -> gcc-cross-initial -> linux-libc-headers -> glibc-initial -> glibc -> gcc-cross -> gcc-runtime
            </literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc</filename>:
                    The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>binutils-cross</filename>:
                    The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run
                    the <filename>gcc-cross-initial</filename> phase of the
                    bootstrap operation.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc-cross-initial</filename>:
                    An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating
                    the cross-compiler.
                    This stage builds enough of the <filename>gcc-cross</filename>,
                    the C library, and other pieces needed to finish building the
                    final cross-compiler in later stages.
                    This tool is a "native" package (i.e. it is designed to run on
                    the build host).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>linux-libc-headers</filename>:
                    Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>glibc-initial</filename>:
                    An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap
                    <filename>glibc</filename>.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc-cross</filename>:
                    The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
                    cross-compiler.
                    This stage results in the actual cross-compiler that
                    BitBake uses when it builds an image for a targeted
                    device.
                    <note>
                        If you are replacing this cross compiler toolchain
                        with a custom version, you must replace
                        <filename>gcc-cross</filename>.
                    </note>
                    This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is
                    designed to run on the build host).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc-runtime</filename>:
                    Runtime libraries resulting from the toolchain bootstrapping
                    process.
                    This tool produces a binary that consists of the
                    runtime libraries need for the targeted device.
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            You can use the OpenEmbedded build system to build an installer for
            the relocatable SDK used to develop applications.
            When you run the installer, it installs the toolchain, which contains
            the development tools (e.g., the
            <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>),
            <filename>binutils-cross-canadian</filename>, and other
            <filename>nativesdk-*</filename> tools,
            which are tools native to the SDK (i.e. native to
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDK_ARCH'><filename>SDK_ARCH</filename></ulink>),
            you need to cross-compile and test your software.
            The figure shows the commands you use to easily build out this
            toolchain.
            This cross-development toolchain is built to execute on the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>,
            which might or might not be the same
            machine as the Build Host.
            <note>
                If your target architecture is supported by the Yocto Project,
                you can take advantage of pre-built images that ship with the
                Yocto Project and already contain cross-development toolchain
                installers.
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            Here is the bootstrap process for the relocatable toolchain:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     gcc -> binutils-crosssdk -> gcc-crosssdk-initial -> linux-libc-headers ->
        glibc-initial -> nativesdk-glibc -> gcc-crosssdk -> gcc-cross-canadian
            </literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc</filename>:
                    The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>binutils-crosssdk</filename>:
                    The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run
                    the <filename>gcc-crosssdk-initial</filename> phase of the
                    bootstrap operation.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc-crosssdk-initial</filename>:
                    An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating
                    the cross-compiler.
                    This stage builds enough of the
                    <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename> and supporting pieces so that
                    the final stage of the bootstrap process can produce the
                    finished cross-compiler.
                    This tool is a "native" binary that runs on the build host.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>linux-libc-headers</filename>:
                    Headers needed for the cross-compiler.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>glibc-initial</filename>:
                    An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap
                    <filename>nativesdk-glibc</filename>.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>nativesdk-glibc</filename>:
                    The Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap the
                    <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename>.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename>:
                    The final stage of the bootstrap process for the
                    relocatable cross-compiler.
                    The <filename>gcc-crosssdk</filename> is a transitory compiler
                    and never leaves the build host.
                    Its purpose is to help in the bootstrap process to create the
                    eventual relocatable <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>
                    compiler, which is relocatable.
                    This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is
                    designed to run on the build host).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>gcc-cross-canadian</filename>:
                    The final relocatable cross-compiler.
                    When run on the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></ulink>,
                    this tool
                    produces executable code that runs on the target device.
                    Only one cross-canadian compiler is produced per architecture
                    since they can be targeted at different processor optimizations
                    using configurations passed to the compiler through the
                    compile commands.
                    This circumvents the need for multiple compilers and thus
                    reduces the size of the toolchains.
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <note>
            For information on advantages gained when building a
            cross-development toolchain installer, see the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#sdk-building-an-sdk-installer'>Building an SDK Installer</ulink>"
            section in the Yocto Project Application Development and the
            Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
        </note>
    </section>




    <section id="shared-state-cache">
        <title>Shared State Cache</title>

        <para>
            By design, the OpenEmbedded build system builds everything from
            scratch unless BitBake can determine that parts do not need to be
            rebuilt.
            Fundamentally, building from scratch is attractive as it means all
            parts are built fresh and there is no possibility of stale data
            causing problems.
            When developers hit problems, they typically default back to
            building from scratch so they know the state of things from the
            start.
        </para>

        <para>
            Building an image from scratch is both an advantage and a
            disadvantage to the process.
            As mentioned in the previous paragraph, building from scratch
            ensures that everything is current and starts from a known state.
            However, building from scratch also takes much longer as it
            generally means rebuilding things that do not necessarily need
            to be rebuilt.
        </para>

        <para>
            The Yocto Project implements shared state code that supports
            incremental builds.
            The implementation of the shared state code answers the following
            questions that were fundamental roadblocks within the OpenEmbedded
            incremental build support system:
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    What pieces of the system have changed and what pieces have
                    not changed?
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    How are changed pieces of software removed and replaced?
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    How are pre-built components that do not need to be rebuilt
                    from scratch used when they are available?
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            For the first question, the build system detects changes in the
            "inputs" to a given task by creating a checksum (or signature) of
            the task's inputs.
            If the checksum changes, the system assumes the inputs have changed
            and the task needs to be rerun.
            For the second question, the shared state (sstate) code tracks
            which tasks add which output to the build process.
            This means the output from a given task can be removed, upgraded
            or otherwise manipulated.
            The third question is partly addressed by the solution for the
            second question assuming the build system can fetch the sstate
            objects from remote locations and install them if they are deemed
            to be valid.
            <note>
                The OpenEmbedded build system does not maintain
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
                information as part of the shared state packages.
                Consequently, considerations exist that affect maintaining
                shared state feeds.
                For information on how the OpenEmbedded build system
                works with packages and can track incrementing
                <filename>PR</filename> information, see the
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#automatically-incrementing-a-binary-package-revision-number'>Automatically Incrementing a Binary Package Revision Number</ulink>"
                section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            The rest of this section goes into detail about the overall
            incremental build architecture, the checksums (signatures), shared
            state, and some tips and tricks.
        </para>

        <section id='overall-architecture'>
            <title>Overall Architecture</title>

            <para>
                When determining what parts of the system need to be built,
                BitBake works on a per-task basis rather than a per-recipe
                basis.
                You might wonder why using a per-task basis is preferred over
                a per-recipe basis.
                To help explain, consider having the IPK packaging backend
                enabled and then switching to DEB.
                In this case, the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
                and
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
                task outputs are still valid.
                However, with a per-recipe approach, the build would not
                include the <filename>.deb</filename> files.
                Consequently, you would have to invalidate the whole build and
                rerun it.
                Rerunning everything is not the best solution.
                Also, in this case, the core must be "taught" much about
                specific tasks.
                This methodology does not scale well and does not allow users
                to easily add new tasks in layers or as external recipes
                without touching the packaged-staging core.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='overview-checksums'>
            <title>Checksums (Signatures)</title>

            <para>
                The shared state code uses a checksum, which is a unique
                signature of a task's inputs, to determine if a task needs to
                be run again.
                Because it is a change in a task's inputs that triggers a
                rerun, the process needs to detect all the inputs to a given
                task.
                For shell tasks, this turns out to be fairly easy because
                the build process generates a "run" shell script for each task
                and it is possible to create a checksum that gives you a good
                idea of when the task's data changes.
            </para>

            <para>
                To complicate the problem, there are things that should not be
                included in the checksum.
                First, there is the actual specific build path of a given
                task - the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.
                It does not matter if the work directory changes because it
                should not affect the output for target packages.
                Also, the build process has the objective of making native
                or cross packages relocatable.
                <note>
                    Both native and cross packages run on the build host.
                    However, cross packages generate output for the target
                    architecture.
                </note>
                The checksum therefore needs to exclude
                <filename>WORKDIR</filename>.
                The simplistic approach for excluding the work directory is to
                set <filename>WORKDIR</filename> to some fixed value and
                create the checksum for the "run" script.
            </para>

            <para>
                Another problem results from the "run" scripts containing
                functions that might or might not get called.
                The incremental build solution contains code that figures out
                dependencies between shell functions.
                This code is used to prune the "run" scripts down to the
                minimum set, thereby alleviating this problem and making the
                "run" scripts much more readable as a bonus.
            </para>

            <para>
                So far we have solutions for shell scripts.
                What about Python tasks?
                The same approach applies even though these tasks are more
                difficult.
                The process needs to figure out what variables a Python
                function accesses and what functions it calls.
                Again, the incremental build solution contains code that first
                figures out the variable and function dependencies, and then
                creates a checksum for the data used as the input to the task.
            </para>

            <para>
                Like the <filename>WORKDIR</filename> case, situations exist
                where dependencies should be ignored.
                For these cases, you can instruct the build process to
                ignore a dependency by using a line like the following:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardepsexclude] = "MACHINE"
                </literallayout>
                This example ensures that the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCHS'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCHS</filename></ulink>
                variable does not depend on the value of
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>,
                even if it does reference it.
            </para>

            <para>
                Equally, there are cases where we need to add dependencies
                BitBake is not able to find.
                You can accomplish this by using a line like the following:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
      PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardeps] = "MACHINE"
                </literallayout>
                This example explicitly adds the <filename>MACHINE</filename>
                variable as a dependency for
                <filename>PACKAGE_ARCHS</filename>.
            </para>

            <para>
                Consider a case with in-line Python, for example, where
                BitBake is not able to figure out dependencies.
                When running in debug mode (i.e. using
                <filename>-DDD</filename>), BitBake produces output when it
                discovers something for which it cannot figure out dependencies.
                The Yocto Project team has currently not managed to cover
                those dependencies in detail and is aware of the need to fix
                this situation.
            </para>

            <para>
                Thus far, this section has limited discussion to the direct
                inputs into a task.
                Information based on direct inputs is referred to as the
                "basehash" in the code.
                However, there is still the question of a task's indirect
                inputs - the things that were already built and present in the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>.
                The checksum (or signature) for a particular task needs to add
                the hashes of all the tasks on which the particular task
                depends.
                Choosing which dependencies to add is a policy decision.
                However, the effect is to generate a master checksum that
                combines the basehash and the hashes of the task's
                dependencies.
            </para>

            <para>
                At the code level, there are a variety of ways both the
                basehash and the dependent task hashes can be influenced.
                Within the BitBake configuration file, we can give BitBake
                some extra information to help it construct the basehash.
                The following statement effectively results in a list of
                global variable dependency excludes - variables never
                included in any checksum:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BB_HASHBASE_WHITELIST ?= "TMPDIR FILE PATH PWD BB_TASKHASH BBPATH DL_DIR \
         SSTATE_DIR THISDIR FILESEXTRAPATHS FILE_DIRNAME HOME LOGNAME SHELL TERM \
         USER FILESPATH STAGING_DIR_HOST STAGING_DIR_TARGET COREBASE PRSERV_HOST \
         PRSERV_DUMPDIR PRSERV_DUMPFILE PRSERV_LOCKDOWN PARALLEL_MAKE \
         CCACHE_DIR EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN CCACHE CCACHE_DISABLE LICENSE_PATH SDKPKGSUFFIX"
                </literallayout>
                The previous example excludes
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>
                since that variable is actually constructed as a path within
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>,
                which is on the whitelist.
            </para>

            <para>
                The rules for deciding which hashes of dependent tasks to
                include through dependency chains are more complex and are
                generally accomplished with a Python function.
                The code in <filename>meta/lib/oe/sstatesig.py</filename> shows
                two examples of this and also illustrates how you can insert
                your own policy into the system if so desired.
                This file defines the two basic signature generators
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#oe-core'>OE-Core</ulink>
                uses:  "OEBasic" and "OEBasicHash".
                By default, there is a dummy "noop" signature handler enabled
                in BitBake.
                This means that behavior is unchanged from previous versions.
                OE-Core uses the "OEBasicHash" signature handler by default
                through this setting in the <filename>bitbake.conf</filename>
                file:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER ?= "OEBasicHash"
                </literallayout>
                The "OEBasicHash" <filename>BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER</filename>
                is the same as the "OEBasic" version but adds the task hash to
                the stamp files.
                This results in any
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>
                change that changes the task hash, automatically
                causing the task to be run again.
                This removes the need to bump
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
                values, and changes to Metadata automatically ripple across
                the build.
            </para>

            <para>
                It is also worth noting that the end result of these
                signature generators is to make some dependency and hash
                information available to the build.
                This information includes:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>BB_BASEHASH_task-</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
                        The base hashes for each task in the recipe.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>BB_BASEHASH_</filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
                        The base hashes for each dependent task.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>BBHASHDEPS_</filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable><filename>:</filename><replaceable>taskname</replaceable>:
                        The task dependencies for each task.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>BB_TASKHASH</filename>:
                        The hash of the currently running task.
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='shared-state'>
            <title>Shared State</title>

            <para>
                Checksums and dependencies, as discussed in the previous
                section, solve half the problem of supporting a shared state.
                The other part of the problem is being able to use checksum
                information during the build and being able to reuse or rebuild
                specific components.
            </para>

            <para>
                The
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-sstate'><filename>sstate</filename></ulink>
                class is a relatively generic implementation of how to
                "capture" a snapshot of a given task.
                The idea is that the build process does not care about the
                source of a task's output.
                Output could be freshly built or it could be downloaded and
                unpacked from somewhere - the build process does not need to
                worry about its origin.
            </para>

            <para>
                There are two types of output, one is just about creating a
                directory in
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>.
                A good example is the output of either
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
                or
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>.
                The other type of output occurs when a set of data is merged
                into a shared directory tree such as the sysroot.
            </para>

            <para>
                The Yocto Project team has tried to keep the details of the
                implementation hidden in <filename>sstate</filename> class.
                From a user's perspective, adding shared state wrapping to a task
                is as simple as this
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>
                example taken from the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-deploy'><filename>deploy</filename></ulink>
                class:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     DEPLOYDIR = "${WORKDIR}/deploy-${PN}"
     SSTATETASKS += "do_deploy"
     do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"
     do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"

     python do_deploy_setscene () {
         sstate_setscene(d)
     }
     addtask do_deploy_setscene
     do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"
                </literallayout>
                The following list explains the previous example:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para>
                        Adding "do_deploy" to <filename>SSTATETASKS</filename>
                        adds some required sstate-related processing, which is
                        implemented in the
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-classes-sstate'><filename>sstate</filename></ulink>
                        class, to before and after the
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-deploy'><filename>do_deploy</filename></ulink>
                        task.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        The
                        <filename>do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}"</filename>
                        declares that <filename>do_deploy</filename> places its
                        output in <filename>${DEPLOYDIR}</filename> when run
                        normally (i.e. when not using the sstate cache).
                        This output becomes the input to the shared state cache.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        The
                        <filename>do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}"</filename>
                        line causes the contents of the shared state cache to be
                        copied to <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename>.
                        <note>
                            If <filename>do_deploy</filename> is not already in
                            the shared state cache or if its input checksum
                            (signature) has changed from when the output was
                            cached, the task will be run to populate the shared
                            state cache, after which the contents of the shared
                            state cache is copied to
                            <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename>.
                            If <filename>do_deploy</filename> is in the shared
                            state cache and its signature indicates that the
                            cached output is still valid (i.e. if no
                            relevant task inputs have changed), then the
                            contents of the shared state cache will be copied
                            directly to
                            <filename>${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}</filename> by the
                            <filename>do_deploy_setscene</filename> task
                            instead, skipping the
                            <filename>do_deploy</filename> task.
                        </note>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        The following task definition is glue logic needed to
                        make the previous settings effective:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     python do_deploy_setscene () {
         sstate_setscene(d)
     }
     addtask do_deploy_setscene
                        </literallayout>
                        <filename>sstate_setscene()</filename> takes the flags
                        above as input and accelerates the
                        <filename>do_deploy</filename> task through the
                        shared state cache if possible.
                        If the task was accelerated,
                        <filename>sstate_setscene()</filename> returns True.
                        Otherwise, it returns False, and the normal
                        <filename>do_deploy</filename> task runs.
                        For more information, see the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#setscene'>setscene</ulink>"
                        section in the BitBake User Manual.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        The <filename>do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}"</filename>
                        line creates <filename>${DEPLOYDIR}</filename> and
                        <filename>${B}</filename> before the
                        <filename>do_deploy</filename> task runs, and also sets
                        the current working directory of
                        <filename>do_deploy</filename> to
                        <filename>${B}</filename>.
                        For more information, see the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'>Variable Flags</ulink>"
                        section in the BitBake User Manual.
                        <note>
                            In cases where
                            <filename>sstate-inputdirs</filename> and
                            <filename>sstate-outputdirs</filename> would be the
                            same, you can use
                            <filename>sstate-plaindirs</filename>.
                            For example, to preserve the
                            <filename>${PKGD}</filename> and
                            <filename>${PKGDEST}</filename> output from the
                            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
                            task, use the following:
                            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     do_package[sstate-plaindirs] = "${PKGD} ${PKGDEST}"
                            </literallayout>
                        </note>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        <filename>sstate-inputdirs</filename> and
                        <filename>sstate-outputdirs</filename> can also be used
                        with multiple directories.
                        For example, the following declares
                        <filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename> and
                        <filename>SHLIBWORK</filename> as shared state
                        input directories, which populates the shared state
                        cache, and <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> and
                        <filename>SHLIBSDIR</filename> as the corresponding
                        shared state output directories:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     do_package[sstate-inputdirs] = "${PKGDESTWORK} ${SHLIBSWORKDIR}"
     do_package[sstate-outputdirs] = "${PKGDATA_DIR} ${SHLIBSDIR}"
                        </literallayout>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>
                        These methods also include the ability to take a
                        lockfile when manipulating shared state directory
                        structures, for cases where file additions or removals
                        are sensitive:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     do_package[sstate-lockfile] = "${PACKAGELOCK}"
                        </literallayout>
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>

            <para>
                Behind the scenes, the shared state code works by looking in
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>
                and
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_MIRRORS'><filename>SSTATE_MIRRORS</filename></ulink>
                for shared state files.
                Here is an example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\
     file://.* http://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH \n \
     file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH"
                </literallayout>
                <note>
                    The shared state directory
                    (<filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename>) is organized into
                    two-character subdirectories, where the subdirectory
                    names are based on the first two characters of the hash.
                    If the shared state directory structure for a mirror has the
                    same structure as <filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename>, you must
                    specify "PATH" as part of the URI to enable the build system
                    to map to the appropriate subdirectory.
                </note>
            </para>

            <para>
                The shared state package validity can be detected just by
                looking at the filename since the filename contains the task
                checksum (or signature) as described earlier in this section.
                If a valid shared state package is found, the build process
                downloads it and uses it to accelerate the task.
            </para>

            <para>
                The build processes use the <filename>*_setscene</filename>
                tasks for the task acceleration phase.
                BitBake goes through this phase before the main execution
                code and tries to accelerate any tasks for which it can find
                shared state packages.
                If a shared state package for a task is available, the
                shared state package is used.
                This means the task and any tasks on which it is dependent
                are not executed.
            </para>

            <para>
                As a real world example, the aim is when building an IPK-based
                image, only the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package_write_ipk'><filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename></ulink>
                tasks would have their shared state packages fetched and
                extracted.
                Since the sysroot is not used, it would never get extracted.
                This is another reason why a task-based approach is preferred
                over a recipe-based approach, which would have to install the
                output from every task.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='tips-and-tricks'>
            <title>Tips and Tricks</title>

            <para>
                The code in the build system that supports incremental builds
                is not simple code.
                This section presents some tips and tricks that help you work
                around issues related to shared state code.
            </para>

            <section id='overview-debugging'>
                <title>Debugging</title>

                <para>
                    Seeing what metadata went into creating the input signature
                    of a shared state (sstate) task can be a useful debugging
                    aid.
                    This information is available in signature information
                    (<filename>siginfo</filename>) files in
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></ulink>.
                    For information on how to view and interpret information in
                    <filename>siginfo</filename> files, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#usingpoky-viewing-task-variable-dependencies'>Viewing Task Variable Dependencies</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='invalidating-shared-state'>
                <title>Invalidating Shared State</title>

                <para>
                    The OpenEmbedded build system uses checksums and shared
                    state cache to avoid unnecessarily rebuilding tasks.
                    Collectively, this scheme is known as "shared state code."
                </para>

                <para>
                    As with all schemes, this one has some drawbacks.
                    It is possible that you could make implicit changes to your
                    code that the checksum calculations do not take into
                    account.
                    These implicit changes affect a task's output but do not
                    trigger the shared state code into rebuilding a recipe.
                    Consider an example during which a tool changes its output.
                    Assume that the output of <filename>rpmdeps</filename>
                    changes.
                    The result of the change should be that all the
                    <filename>package</filename> and
                    <filename>package_write_rpm</filename> shared state cache
                    items become invalid.
                    However, because the change to the output is
                    external to the code and therefore implicit,
                    the associated shared state cache items do not become
                    invalidated.
                    In this case, the build process uses the cached items
                    rather than running the task again.
                    Obviously, these types of implicit changes can cause
                    problems.
                </para>

                <para>
                    To avoid these problems during the build, you need to
                    understand the effects of any changes you make.
                    Realize that changes you make directly to a function
                    are automatically factored into the checksum calculation.
                    Thus, these explicit changes invalidate the associated
                    area of shared state cache.
                    However, you need to be aware of any implicit changes that
                    are not obvious changes to the code and could affect
                    the output of a given task.
                </para>

                <para>
                    When you identify an implicit change, you can easily
                    take steps to invalidate the cache and force the tasks
                    to run.
                    The steps you can take are as simple as changing a
                    function's comments in the source code.
                    For example, to invalidate package shared state files,
                    change the comment statements of
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
                    or the comments of one of the functions it calls.
                    Even though the change is purely cosmetic, it causes the
                    checksum to be recalculated and forces the OpenEmbedded
                    build system to run the task again.
                    <note>
                        For an example of a commit that makes a cosmetic
                        change to invalidate shared state, see this
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi/poky/commit/meta/classes/package.bbclass?id=737f8bbb4f27b4837047cb9b4fbfe01dfde36d54'>commit</ulink>.
                    </note>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id='automatically-added-runtime-dependencies'>
        <title>Automatically Added Runtime Dependencies</title>

        <para>
            The OpenEmbedded build system automatically adds common types of
            runtime dependencies between packages, which means that you do not
            need to explicitly declare the packages using
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RDEPENDS'><filename>RDEPENDS</filename></ulink>.
            Three automatic mechanisms exist (<filename>shlibdeps</filename>,
            <filename>pcdeps</filename>, and <filename>depchains</filename>)
            that handle shared libraries, package configuration (pkg-config)
            modules, and <filename>-dev</filename> and
            <filename>-dbg</filename> packages, respectively.
            For other types of runtime dependencies, you must manually declare
            the dependencies.
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>shlibdeps</filename>:
                    During the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
                    task of each recipe, all shared libraries installed by the
                    recipe are located.
                    For each shared library, the package that contains the
                    shared library is registered as providing the shared
                    library.
                    More specifically, the package is registered as providing
                    the
                    <ulink url='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soname'>soname</ulink>
                    of the library.
                    The resulting shared-library-to-package mapping
                    is saved globally in
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></ulink>
                    by the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
                    task.</para>

                    <para>Simultaneously, all executables and shared libraries
                    installed by the recipe are inspected to see what shared
                    libraries they link against.
                    For each shared library dependency that is found,
                    <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> is queried to
                    see if some package (likely from a different recipe)
                    contains the shared library.
                    If such a package is found, a runtime dependency is added
                    from the package that depends on the shared library to the
                    package that contains the library.</para>

                    <para>The automatically added runtime dependency also
                    includes a version restriction.
                    This version restriction specifies that at least the
                    current version of the package that provides the shared
                    library must be used, as if
                    "<replaceable>package</replaceable> (>= <replaceable>version</replaceable>)"
                    had been added to
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RDEPENDS'><filename>RDEPENDS</filename></ulink>.
                    This forces an upgrade of the package containing the shared
                    library when installing the package that depends on the
                    library, if needed.</para>

                    <para>If you want to avoid a package being registered as
                    providing a particular shared library (e.g. because the library
                    is for internal use only), then add the library to
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PRIVATE_LIBS'><filename>PRIVATE_LIBS</filename></ulink>
                    inside the package's recipe.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>pcdeps</filename>:
                    During the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-package'><filename>do_package</filename></ulink>
                    task of each recipe, all pkg-config modules
                    (<filename>*.pc</filename> files) installed by the recipe
                    are located.
                    For each module, the package that contains the module is
                    registered as providing the module.
                    The resulting module-to-package mapping is saved globally in
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></ulink>
                    by the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
                    task.</para>

                    <para>Simultaneously, all pkg-config modules installed by
                    the recipe are inspected to see what other pkg-config
                    modules they depend on.
                    A module is seen as depending on another module if it
                    contains a "Requires:" line that specifies the other module.
                    For each module dependency,
                    <filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename> is queried to see if some
                    package contains the module.
                    If such a package is found, a runtime dependency is added
                    from the package that depends on the module to the package
                    that contains the module.
                    <note>
                        The <filename>pcdeps</filename> mechanism most often
                        infers dependencies between <filename>-dev</filename>
                        packages.
                    </note>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <filename>depchains</filename>:
                    If a package <filename>foo</filename> depends on a package
                    <filename>bar</filename>, then <filename>foo-dev</filename>
                    and <filename>foo-dbg</filename> are also made to depend on
                    <filename>bar-dev</filename> and
                    <filename>bar-dbg</filename>, respectively.
                    Taking the <filename>-dev</filename> packages as an
                    example, the <filename>bar-dev</filename> package might
                    provide headers and shared library symlinks needed by
                    <filename>foo-dev</filename>, which shows the need
                    for a dependency between the packages.</para>

                    <para>The dependencies added by
                    <filename>depchains</filename> are in the form of
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-RRECOMMENDS'><filename>RRECOMMENDS</filename></ulink>.
                    <note>
                        By default, <filename>foo-dev</filename> also has an
                        <filename>RDEPENDS</filename>-style dependency on
                        <filename>foo</filename>, because the default value of
                        <filename>RDEPENDS_${PN}-dev</filename> (set in
                        <filename>bitbake.conf</filename>) includes
                        "${PN}".
                    </note></para>

                    <para>To ensure that the dependency chain is never broken,
                    <filename>-dev</filename> and <filename>-dbg</filename>
                    packages are always generated by default, even if the
                    packages turn out to be empty.
                    See the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-ALLOW_EMPTY'><filename>ALLOW_EMPTY</filename></ulink>
                    variable for more information.
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            The <filename>do_package</filename> task depends on the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-packagedata'><filename>do_packagedata</filename></ulink>
            task of each recipe in
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DEPENDS'><filename>DEPENDS</filename></ulink>
            through use of a
            <filename>[</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#variable-flags'><filename>deptask</filename></ulink><filename>]</filename>
            declaration, which guarantees that the required
            shared-library/module-to-package mapping information will be available
            when needed as long as <filename>DEPENDS</filename> has been
            correctly set.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='fakeroot-and-pseudo'>
        <title>Fakeroot and Pseudo</title>

        <para>
            Some tasks are easier to implement when allowed to perform certain
            operations that are normally reserved for the root user.
            For example, the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
            task benefits from being able to set the UID and GID of installed
            files to arbitrary values.
        </para>

        <para>
            One approach to allowing tasks to perform root-only operations
            would be to require BitBake to run as root.
            However, this method is cumbersome and has security issues.
            The approach that is actually used is to run tasks that benefit
            from root privileges in a "fake" root environment.
            Within this environment, the task and its child processes believe
            that they are running as the root user, and see an internally
            consistent view of the filesystem.
            As long as generating the final output (e.g. a package or an image)
            does not require root privileges, the fact that some earlier
            steps ran in a fake root environment does not cause problems.
        </para>

        <para>
            The capability to run tasks in a fake root environment is known as
            "fakeroot", which is derived from the BitBake keyword/variable
            flag that requests a fake root environment for a task.
            In current versions of the OpenEmbedded build system,
            the program that implements fakeroot is known as Pseudo.
        </para>

        <para>
            Pseudo overrides system calls through the
            <filename>LD_PRELOAD</filename> mechanism to give the
            illusion of running as root.
            To keep track of "fake" file ownership and permissions resulting
            from operations that require root permissions, an sqlite3
            database is used.
            This database is stored in
            <filename>${</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink><filename>}/pseudo/files.db</filename>
            for individual recipes.
            Storing the database in a file as opposed to in memory
            gives persistence between tasks, and even between builds.
            <note><title>Caution</title>
                If you add your own task that manipulates the same files or
                directories as a fakeroot task, then that task should also run
                under fakeroot.
                Otherwise, the task will not be able to run root-only
                operations, and will not see the fake file ownership and
                permissions set by the other task.
                You should also add a dependency on
                <filename>virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot</filename>,
                giving the following:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
       fakeroot do_mytask () {
           ...
       }
       do_mytask[depends] += "virtual/fakeroot-native:do_populate_sysroot"
                </literallayout>
            </note>
            For more information, see the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;#var-FAKEROOT'><filename>FAKEROOT*</filename></ulink>
            variables in the BitBake User Manual.
            You can also reference this
            <ulink url='http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-aapseudo1/index.html'>Pseudo</ulink>
            article.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='x32'>
        <title>x32 psABI</title>

        <para>
            x32 processor-specific Application Binary Interface
            (<ulink url='https://software.intel.com/en-us/node/628948'>x32 psABI</ulink>)
            is a native 32-bit processor-specific ABI for
            <trademark class='registered'>Intel</trademark> 64 (x86-64)
            architectures.
            An ABI defines the calling conventions between functions in a
            processing environment.
            The interface determines what registers are used and what the sizes are
            for various C data types.
        </para>

        <para>
            Some processing environments prefer using 32-bit applications even
            when running on Intel 64-bit platforms.
            Consider the i386 psABI, which is a very old 32-bit ABI for Intel
            64-bit platforms.
            The i386 psABI does not provide efficient use and access of the
            Intel 64-bit processor resources, leaving the system underutilized.
            Now consider the x86_64 psABI.
            This ABI is newer and uses 64-bits for data sizes and program
            pointers.
            The extra bits increase the footprint size of the programs,
            libraries, and also increases the memory and file system size
            requirements.
            Executing under the x32 psABI enables user programs to utilize CPU
            and system resources more efficiently while keeping the memory
            footprint of the applications low.
            Extra bits are used for registers but not for addressing mechanisms.
        </para>

        <para>
            The Yocto Project supports the final specifications of x32 psABI
            as follows:
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    You can create packages and images in x32 psABI format on
                    x86_64 architecture targets.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    You can successfully build recipes with the x32 toolchain.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    You can create and boot
                    <filename>core-image-minimal</filename> and
                    <filename>core-image-sato</filename> images.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    RPM Package Manager (RPM) support exists for x32 binaries.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    Support for large images exists.
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            For steps on how to use x32 psABI, see the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#using-x32-psabi'>Using x32 psABI</ulink>"
            section in the Yocto Project Development Tasks Manual.
        </para>
    </section>
</chapter>
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