path: root/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-intro.xml

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<chapter id='kernel-dev-intro'>
<title>Introduction</title>

<section id='kernel-dev-overview'>
    <title>Overview</title>

    <para>
        Regardless of how you intend to make use of the Yocto Project,
        chances are you will work with the Linux kernel.
        This manual describes how to set up your build host to support
        kernel development, introduces the kernel development process,
        provides background information on the Yocto Linux kernel
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>,
        describes common tasks you can perform using the kernel tools,
        and shows you how to use the kernel Metadata needed to work with
        the kernel inside the Yocto Project.
   </para>

   <para>
        Each Yocto Project release has a set of Yocto Linux kernel recipes,
        whose Git repositories you can view in the Yocto
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink> under
        the "Yocto Linux Kernel" heading.
        New recipes for the release track the latest Linux kernel
        upstream developments from
        <ulink url='http://www.kernel.org'></ulink> and introduce
        newly-supported platforms.
        Previous recipes in the release are refreshed and supported for at
        least one additional Yocto Project release.
        As they align, these previous releases are updated to include the
        latest from the
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/organization/long-term-support-initiative-ltsi'>Long Term Support Initiative</ulink>
        (LTSI) project.
        Also included is a Yocto Linux kernel development recipe
        (<filename>linux-yocto-dev.bb</filename>) should you want to work
        with the very latest in upstream Yocto Linux kernel development and
        kernel Metadata development.
        <note>
            For more on Yocto Linux kernels, see the
            "<link linkend='kernel-big-picture'>Yocto Project Kernel Development and Maintenance</link>
            section.
        </note>
    </para>

    <para>
        The Yocto Project also provides a powerful set of kernel
        tools for managing Yocto Linux kernel sources and configuration data.
        You can use these tools to make a single configuration change,
        apply multiple patches, or work with your own kernel sources.
    </para>

    <para>
        In particular, the kernel tools allow you to generate configuration
        fragments that specify only what you must, and nothing more.
        Configuration fragments only need to contain the highest level
        visible <filename>CONFIG</filename> options as presented by the
        Yocto Linux kernel <filename>menuconfig</filename> system.
        Contrast this against a complete Yocto Linux kernel
        <filename>.config</filename> file, which includes all the automatically
        selected <filename>CONFIG</filename> options.
        This efficiency reduces your maintenance effort and allows you
        to further separate your configuration in ways that make sense for
        your project.
        A common split separates policy and hardware.
        For example, all your kernels might support the
        <filename>proc</filename> and <filename>sys</filename> filesystems,
        but only specific boards require sound, USB, or specific drivers.
        Specifying these configurations individually allows you to aggregate
        them together as needed, but maintains them in only one place.
        Similar logic applies to separating source changes.
    </para>

    <para>
        If you do not maintain your own kernel sources and need to make
        only minimal changes to the sources, the released recipes provide a
        vetted base upon which to layer your changes.
        Doing so allows you to benefit from the continual kernel
        integration and testing performed during development of the
        Yocto Project.
    </para>

    <para>
        If, instead, you have a very specific Linux kernel source tree
        and are unable to align with one of the official Yocto Linux kernel
        recipes, an alternative exists by which you can use the Yocto
        Project Linux kernel tools with your own kernel sources.
    </para>
</section>

<section id='preparing-the-build-host-to-work-on-the-kernel'>
    <title>Preparing the Build Host to Work on the Kernel</title>

    <para>
        Before you can do any kernel development, you need to be
        sure your build host is set up to use the Yocto Project.
        For information on how to get set up, see the
        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#setting-up-the-development-host-to-use-the-yocto-project'>Setting Up to Use the Yocto Project</ulink>"
        section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.
        Part of preparing the system is creating a local Git
        repository of the
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>
        (<filename>poky</filename>) on your system.
        Follow the steps in the
        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#cloning-the-poky-repository'>Cloning the <filename>poky</filename> Repository</ulink>"
        section in the Yocto Project Development Manual to set up your
        Source Directory.
        <note>
            Be sure you check out the appropriate development branch or
            by tag to get the version of Yocto Project you want.
            See the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#checking-out-by-branch-in-poky'>Checking Out by Branch in Poky</ulink>"
            and
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#checkout-out-by-tag-in-poky'>Checking Out by Tag in Poky</ulink>"
            sections in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more
            information.
        </note>
    </para>

    <para>
        Kernel development is best accomplished using
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#using-devtool-in-your-sdk-workflow'><filename>devtool</filename></ulink>
        and not through traditional kernel workflow methods.
        The remainder of this section provides information for both scenarios.
    </para>

    <section id='getting-ready-to-develop-using-devtool'>
        <title>Getting Ready to Develop using <filename>devtool</filename></title>

        <para>
            Follow these steps to prepare to update the kernel image using
            <filename>devtool</filename>.
            Completing this procedure leaves you with a clean kernel image
            and ready to make modifications as described in the
            "<link linkend='using-devtool-to-patch-the-kernel'>Using <filename>devtool</filename> to Patch the Kernel</link>"
            section:
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Initialize the BitBake Environment:</emphasis>
                    Before building an extensible SDK, you need to
                    initialize the BitBake build environment by sourcing a
                    build environment script
                    (i.e. <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>oe-init-build-env</filename></ulink>
                    or
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-memres-core-script'><filename>oe-init-build-env-memres</filename></ulink>):
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/poky
     $ source oe-init-build-env
                    </literallayout>
                    <note>
                        The previous commands assume the
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#source-repositories'>Source Repositories</ulink>
                        (i.e. <filename>poky</filename>) have been cloned
                        using Git and the local repository is named
                        "poky".
                    </note>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Prepare Your <filename>local.conf</filename> File:</emphasis>
                    By default, the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>
                    variable is set to "qemux86", which is fine if you are
                    building for the QEMU emulator in 32-bit mode.
                    However, if you are not, you need to set the
                    <filename>MACHINE</filename> variable appropriately in
                    your <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file found in the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
                    (i.e. <filename>~/poky/build</filename> in this example).
                    </para>

                    <para>Also, since you are preparing to work on the kernel
                    image, you need to set the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS'><filename>MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS</filename></ulink>
                    variable to include kernel modules.</para>

                    <para>This example uses the default "qemux86" for the
                    <filename>MACHINE</filename> variable but needs to
                    add the "kernel-modules":
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS += "kernel-modules"
                    </literallayout>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Create a Layer for Patches:</emphasis>
                    You need to create a layer to hold patches created
                    for the kernel image.
                    You can use the <filename>yocto-layer</filename> command
                    as follows:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/poky
     $ yocto-layer create my-kernel -o ../meta-my-kernel
      Please enter the layer priority you'd like to use for the layer: [default: 6]
      Would you like to have an example recipe created? (y/n) [default: n]
      Would you like to have an example bbappend file created? (y/n) [default: n]

      New layer created in ../meta-my-kernel.

      Don't forget to add it to your BBLAYERS (for details see ../meta-my-kernel/README).
                    </literallayout>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Inform the BitBake Build Environment About Your Layer:</emphasis>
                    As directed when you created your layer, you need to add
                    the layer to the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BBLAYERS'><filename>BBLAYERS</filename></ulink>
                    variable in the <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file
                    as follows:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/poky/build
     $ bitbake-layers add-layer ../../meta-my-kernel
                    </literallayout>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Build the Extensible SDK:</emphasis>
                    Use BitBake to build the extensible SDK specifically for
                    the Minnowboard:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/poky/build
     $ bitbake core-image-minimal -c populate_sdk_ext
                    </literallayout>
                    Once the build finishes, you can find the SDK installer
                    file (i.e. <filename>*.sh</filename> file) in the
                    following directory:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ~/poky/build/tmp/deploy/sdk
                    </literallayout>
                    For this example, the installer file is named
                    <filename>poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-minimal-i586-toolchain-ext-&DISTRO;.sh</filename>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Install the Extensible SDK:</emphasis>
                    Use the following command to install the SDK.
                    For this example, install the SDK in the default
                    <filename>~/poky_sdk</filename> directory:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/poky/build/tmp/deploy/sdk
     $ ./poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-minimal-i586-toolchain-ext-&DISTRO;.sh
     Poky (Yocto Project Reference Distro) Extensible SDK installer version &DISTRO;
     ============================================================================
     Enter target directory for SDK (default: ~/poky_sdk):
     You are about to install the SDK to "/home/scottrif/poky_sdk". Proceed[Y/n]? Y
     Extracting SDK......................................done
     Setting it up...
     Extracting buildtools...
     Preparing build system...
     Parsing recipes: 100% |#################################################################| Time: 0:00:52
     Initializing tasks: 100% |############## ###############################################| Time: 0:00:04
     Checking sstate mirror object availability: 100% |######################################| Time: 0:00:00
     Parsing recipes: 100% |#################################################################| Time: 0:00:33
     Initializing tasks: 100% |##############################################################| Time: 0:00:00
     done
     SDK has been successfully set up and is ready to be used.
     Each time you wish to use the SDK in a new shell session, you need to source the environment setup script e.g.
      $ . /home/scottrif/poky_sdk/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
                    </literallayout>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para id='setting-up-the-esdk-terminal'>
                    <emphasis>Set Up a New Terminal to Work With the Extensible SDK:</emphasis>
                    You must set up a new terminal to work with the SDK.
                    You cannot use the same BitBake shell used to build the
                    installer.</para>

                    <para>After opening a new shell, run the SDK environment
                    setup script as directed by the output from installing
                    the SDK:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ source ~/poky_sdk/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
     "SDK environment now set up; additionally you may now run devtool to perform development tasks.
     Run devtool --help for further details.
                    </literallayout>
                    <note>
                        If you get a warning about attempting to use the
                        extensible SDK in an environment set up to run
                        BitBake, you did not use a new shell.
                    </note>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>
                    <emphasis>Build the Clean Image:</emphasis>
                    The final step in preparing to work on the kernel is to
                    build an initial image using <filename>devtool</filename>
                    in the new terminal you just set up and initialized for
                    SDK work:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool build-image
     Parsing recipes: 100% |##########################################| Time: 0:00:05
     Parsing of 830 .bb files complete (0 cached, 830 parsed). 1299 targets, 47 skipped, 0 masked, 0 errors.
     WARNING: No packages to add, building image core-image-minimal unmodified
     Loading cache: 100% |############################################| Time: 0:00:00
     Loaded 1299 entries from dependency cache.
     NOTE: Resolving any missing task queue dependencies
     Initializing tasks: 100% |#######################################| Time: 0:00:07
     Checking sstate mirror object availability: 100% |###############| Time: 0:00:00
     NOTE: Executing SetScene Tasks
     NOTE: Executing RunQueue Tasks
     NOTE: Tasks Summary: Attempted 2866 tasks of which 2604 didn't need to be rerun and all succeeded.
     NOTE: Successfully built core-image-minimal. You can find output files in /home/scottrif/poky_sdk/tmp/deploy/images/qemux86
                    </literallayout>
                    If you were building for actual hardware and not for
                    emulation, you could flash the image to a USB stick
                    on <filename>/dev/sdd</filename> and boot your device.
                    For an example that uses a Minnowboard, see the
                    <ulink url='https://wiki.yoctoproject.org/wiki/TipsAndTricks/KernelDevelopmentWithEsdk'>TipsAndTricks/KernelDevelopmentWithEsdk</ulink>
                    Wiki page.
                    </para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            At this point you have set up to start making modifications to the
            kernel by using the extensible SDK.
            For a continued example, see the
            "<link linkend='using-devtool-to-patch-the-kernel'>Using <filename>devtool</filename> to Patch the Kernel</link>"
            section.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='getting-ready-for-traditional-kernel-development'>
        <title>Getting Ready for Traditional Kernel Development</title>

        <para>
            For traditional kernel development using the Yocto
            Project, you need to establish a local copy of the
            kernel source.
            You can find Git repositories of supported Yocto Project
            kernels organized under "Yocto Linux Kernel" in the Yocto
            Project Source Repositories at
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi'></ulink>.
        </para>

        <para>
            For simplicity, it is recommended that you create your copy
            of the kernel Git repository outside of the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>,
            which is usually named <filename>poky</filename>.
        </para>

        <para>
            The following command shows how to create a local copy of the
            <filename>linux-yocto-4.4</filename> kernel:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-4.4 linux-yocto-4.4.git
            </literallayout>
        </para>
    </section>
</section>

<section id='kernel-modification-workflow'>
    <title>Kernel Modification Workflow</title>

    <para>
        Kernel modification involves changing the Yocto Project kernel,
        which could involve changing configuration options as well as adding
        new kernel recipes.
        Configuration changes can be added in the form of configuration
        fragments, while recipe modification comes through the kernel's
        <filename>recipes-kernel</filename> area in a kernel layer you create.
    </para>

    <para>
        This section presents a high-level overview of the Yocto Project
        kernel modification workflow.
        You can find additional information here:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
                The
                "<link linkend='using-devtool-to-patch-the-kernel'>Using <filename>devtool</filename> to Patch the Kernel</link>"
                section.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                The
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#configuring-the-kernel'>Configuring the Kernel</ulink>"
                section in the Yocto Project Development Manual.
                </para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        This illustration and the following list summarizes the kernel
        modification general workflow.
        <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-dev-flow.png"
            width="9in" depth="5in" align="center" scalefit="1" />
    </para>

    <para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem><para>
                <emphasis>Set up Your Host Development System to Support
                Development Using the Yocto Project</emphasis>:
                See the
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#yp-resources'>Setting Up to Use the Yocto Project</ulink>"
                section in the Yocto Project Quick Start for options on how
                to get a build host ready to use the Yocto Project.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                <emphasis>Establish the Temporary Kernel Source Files</emphasis>:
                Temporary kernel source files are kept in the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
                created by the OpenEmbedded build system when you run BitBake.
                If you have never built the kernel in which you are
                interested, you need to run an initial build to
                establish local kernel source files.</para>

                <para>If you are building an image for the first time, you
                need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an
                environment setup script
                (i.e. <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename> or
                <filename>oe-init-build-env-memres</filename>).
                You also need to be sure two key configuration files
                (<filename>local.conf</filename> and
                <filename>bblayers.conf</filename>) are configured
                appropriately.</para>

                <para>The entire process for building an image is overviewed
                in the
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#qs-building-images'>Building Images</ulink>"
                section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                You might want to reference this information.
                You can find more information on BitBake in the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
                </para>

                <para>The build process supports several types of images to
                satisfy different needs.
                See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>"
                chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information
                on supported images.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                <emphasis>Make Changes to the Kernel Source Code if
                applicable</emphasis>:
                Modifying the kernel does not always mean directly
                changing source files.
                However, if you have to do this, you make the changes to the
                files in the Build Directory.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                <emphasis>Make Kernel Configuration Changes if
                Applicable</emphasis>:
                If your situation calls for changing the kernel's
                configuration, you can use
                <link linkend='generating-configuration-files'><filename>menuconfig</filename></link>,
                which allows you to interactively develop and test the
                configuration changes you are making to the kernel.
                Saving changes you make with <filename>menuconfig</filename>
                updates the kernel's <filename>.config</filename> file.
                <note><title>Warning</title>
                    Try to resist the temptation to directly edit an
                    existing <filename>.config</filename> file, which is
                    found in the Build Directory among the source code
                    used for the build (e.g. see the workflow illustration
                    in the
                    "<link linkend='kernel-modification-workflow'>Kernel Modification Workflow</link>"
                    section).
                    Doing so, can produce unexpected results when the
                    OpenEmbedded build system regenerates the configuration
                    file.
                </note>
                Once you are satisfied with the configuration
                changes made using <filename>menuconfig</filename>
                and you have saved them, you can directly compare the
                resulting <filename>.config</filename> file against an
                existing original and gather those changes into a
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#creating-config-fragments'>configuration fragment file</ulink>
                to be referenced from within the kernel's
                <filename>.bbappend</filename> file.</para>

                <para>Additionally, if you are working in a BSP layer
                and need to modify the BSP's kernel's configuration,
                you can use the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#managing-kernel-patches-and-config-items-with-yocto-kernel'><filename>yocto-kernel</filename></ulink>
                script as well as <filename>menuconfig</filename>.
                The <filename>yocto-kernel</filename> script lets
                you interactively set up kernel configurations.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                <emphasis>Rebuild the Kernel Image With Your Changes</emphasis>:
                Rebuilding the kernel image applies your changes.
                </para></listitem>
        </orderedlist>
    </para>
</section>

<section id='kernel-dev-other-resources'>
    <title>Other Resources</title>

    <para>
        The remainder of this manual provides instructions for completing
        specific Linux kernel development tasks.
        These instructions assume you are comfortable working with
        <ulink url='http://openembedded.org/wiki/Bitbake'>BitBake</ulink>
        recipes and basic open-source development tools.
        Understanding these concepts will facilitate the process of working
        with the kernel recipes.
        If you find you need some additional background, please be sure to
        review and understand the following documentation:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;'>Yocto Project Quick Start</ulink>
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_SDK_URL;#using-devtool-in-your-sdk-workflow'><filename>devtool</filename> workflow</ulink>
                as described in the Yocto Project Software Development Kit
                (SDK) Developer's Guide.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                The
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>" section
                in the Yocto Project Development Manual
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                The
                "<link linkend='kernel-modification-workflow'>Kernel Modification Workflow</link>"
                section.
                </para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
        Finally, while this document focuses on the manual creation of
        recipes, patches, and configuration files, the Yocto Project
        Board Support Package (BSP) tools are available to automate
        this process with existing content and work well to create the
        initial framework and boilerplate code.
        For details on these tools, see the
        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#using-the-yocto-projects-bsp-tools'>Using the Yocto Project's BSP Tools</ulink>"
        section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's
        Guide.
    </para>
</section>

</chapter>
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