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<chapter id='dev-manual-model'>

<title>Common Development Models</title>

<para role='writernotes'>
    Test paragraph.
</para>

<para>
    Many development models exist for which you can use the Yocto Project.
    This chapter overviews simple methods that use tools provided by the
    Yocto Project:
    <itemizedlist>
        <listitem><para><emphasis>System Development:</emphasis>
             System Development covers Board Support Package (BSP) development
             and kernel modification or configuration.
             For an example on how to create a BSP, see the
             "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
             section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP)
             Developer's Guide.
             For more complete information on how to work with the kernel,
             see the
             <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual</ulink>.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>User Application Development:</emphasis>
             User Application Development covers development of applications
             that you intend to run on target hardware.
             For information on how to set up your host development system for
             user-space application development, see the
             <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide</ulink>.
             For a simple example of user-space application development using
             the <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark> IDE, see the
             "<link linkend='application-development-workflow'>Application
             Development Workflow</link>" section.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Temporary Source Code Modification:</emphasis>
             Direct modification of temporary source code is a convenient
             development model to quickly iterate and develop towards a
             solution.
             Once you implement the solution, you should of course take
             steps to get the changes upstream and applied in the affected
             recipes.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Image Development using Toaster:</emphasis>
             You can use <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/Tools-resources/projects/toaster'>Toaster</ulink>
             to build custom operating system images within the build
             environment.
             Toaster provides an efficient interface to the OpenEmbedded build
             that allows you to start builds and examine build statistics.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Image Development using Hob:</emphasis>
             You can use the <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'>Hob</ulink>
             to build custom operating system images within the build
             environment.
             Hob provides an efficient interface to the OpenEmbedded build system.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Using a Development Shell:</emphasis>
             You can use a <filename>devshell</filename> to efficiently debug
             commands or simply edit packages.
             Working inside a development shell is a quick way to set up the
             OpenEmbedded build environment to work on parts of a project.
             </para></listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
</para>

<section id='system-development-model'>
    <title>System Development Workflow</title>

    <para>
        System development involves modification or creation of an image that you want to run on
        a specific hardware target.
        Usually, when you want to create an image that runs on embedded hardware, the image does
        not require the same number of features that a full-fledged Linux distribution provides.
        Thus, you can create a much smaller image that is designed to use only the
        features for your particular hardware.
    </para>

    <para>
        To help you understand how system development works in the Yocto Project, this section
        covers two types of image development:  BSP creation and kernel modification or
        configuration.
    </para>

    <section id='developing-a-board-support-package-bsp'>
        <title>Developing a Board Support Package (BSP)</title>

        <para>
            A BSP is a collection of recipes that, when applied during a build, results in
            an image that you can run on a particular board.
            Thus, the package when compiled into the new image, supports the operation of the board.
        </para>

        <note>
            For a brief list of terms used when describing the development process in the Yocto Project,
            see the "<link linkend='yocto-project-terms'>Yocto Project Terms</link>" section.
        </note>

        <para>
            The remainder of this section presents the basic
            steps used to create a BSP using the Yocto Project's
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#using-the-yocto-projects-bsp-tools'>BSP Tools</ulink>.
            Although not required for BSP creation, the
            <filename>meta-intel</filename> repository, which contains
            many BSPs supported by the Yocto Project, is part of the example.
        </para>

        <para>
            For an example that shows how to create a new layer using the tools, see the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
             section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.
        </para>

        <para>
            The following illustration and list summarize the BSP creation general workflow.
        </para>

        <para>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/bsp-dev-flow.png" width="6in" depth="7in" align="center" scalefit="1" />
        </para>

        <para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Set up your host development system to support
                    development using the Yocto Project</emphasis>:  See the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#the-linux-distro'>The Linux Distribution</ulink>"
                    and the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#packages'>The Build Host Packages</ulink>" sections both
                    in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish a local copy of the project files on your
                    system</emphasis>:  You need this <link linkend='source-directory'>Source
                    Directory</link> available on your host system.
                    Having these files on your system gives you access to the build
                    process and to the tools you need.
                    For information on how to set up the Source Directory,
                    see the
                    "<link linkend='getting-setup'>Getting Set Up</link>" section.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish the <filename>meta-intel</filename>
                    repository on your system</emphasis>:  Having local copies
                    of these supported BSP layers on your system gives you
                    access to layers you might be able to build on or modify
                    to create your BSP.
                    For information on how to get these files, see the
                    "<link linkend='getting-setup'>Getting Set Up</link>" section.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Create your own BSP layer using the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'><filename>yocto-bsp</filename></ulink> script</emphasis>:
                    Layers are ideal for
                    isolating and storing work for a given piece of hardware.
                    A layer is really just a location or area in which you place
                    the recipes and configurations for your BSP.
                    In fact, a BSP is, in itself, a special type of layer.
                    The simplest way to create a new BSP layer that is compliant with the
                    Yocto Project is to use the <filename>yocto-bsp</filename> script.
                    For information about that script, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Board Support (BSP) Developer's Guide.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    Another example that illustrates a layer is an application.
                    Suppose you are creating an application that has library or other dependencies in
                    order for it to compile and run.
                    The layer, in this case, would be where all the recipes that define those dependencies
                    are kept.
                    The key point for a layer is that it is an isolated area that contains
                    all the relevant information for the project that the OpenEmbedded build
                    system knows about.
                    For more information on layers, see the
                    "<link linkend='understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</link>"
                    section.
                    For more information on BSP layers, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</ulink>" section in the
                    Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.</para>
                    <note>Five BSPs exist that are part of the
                    Yocto Project release: <filename>genericx86</filename>, <filename>genericx86-64</filename>,
                    <filename>beaglebone</filename> (ARM),
                    <filename>mpc8315e</filename> (PowerPC),
                    and <filename>edgerouter</filename> (MIPS).
                    The recipes and configurations for these five BSPs are located and dispersed
                    within the <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>.
                    On the other hand, the <filename>meta-intel</filename> layer
                    contains BSP layers for many supported BSPs (e.g.
                    Crystal Forest, Emenlow, Fish River Island 2, Haswell,
                    Jasper Forest, and so forth).
                    Aside from the BSPs in the <filename>meta-intel</filename>
                    layer, the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'>Source Repositories</ulink>
                    contain additional BSP layers such as
                    <filename>meta-minnow</filename> and
                    <filename>meta-raspberrypi</filename>.</note>
                    <para>When you set up a layer for a new BSP, you should follow a standard layout.
                    This layout is described in the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-filelayout'>Example Filesystem Layout</ulink>"
                    section of the Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide.
                    In the standard layout, you will notice a suggested structure for recipes and
                    configuration information.
                    You can see the standard layout for a BSP by examining
                    any supported BSP found in the <filename>meta-intel</filename> layer inside
                    the Source Directory.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Make configuration changes to your new BSP
                    layer</emphasis>:  The standard BSP layer structure organizes the files you need
                    to edit in <filename>conf</filename> and several <filename>recipes-*</filename>
                    directories within the BSP layer.
                    Configuration changes identify where your new layer is on the local system
                    and identify which kernel you are going to use.
                    When you run the <filename>yocto-bsp</filename> script, you are able to interactively
                    configure many things for the BSP (e.g. keyboard, touchscreen, and so forth).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Make recipe changes to your new BSP layer</emphasis>:  Recipe
                    changes include altering recipes (<filename>.bb</filename> files), removing
                    recipes you do not use, and adding new recipes or append files
                    (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) that you need to support your hardware.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Prepare for the build</emphasis>:  Once you have made all the
                    changes to your BSP layer, there remains a few things
                    you need to do for the OpenEmbedded build system in order for it to create your image.
                    You need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script
                    (i.e. <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename> or
                    <filename>oe-init-build-env-memres</filename>)
                    and you need to be sure two key configuration files are configured appropriately:
                    the <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> and the
                    <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file.
                    You must make the OpenEmbedded build system aware of your new layer.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='enabling-your-layer'>Enabling Your Layer</link>" section
                    for information on how to let the build system know about your new layer.</para>
                    <para>The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the section
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#qs-building-images'>Building Images</ulink>" section
                    of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                    You might want to reference this information.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Build the image</emphasis>:  The OpenEmbedded build system
                    uses the BitBake tool to build images based on the type of image you want to create.
                    You can find more information about BitBake in the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
                    </para>
                    <para>The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs.
                    See the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>" chapter
                    in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on
                    supported images.</para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            You can view a video presentation on "Building Custom Embedded Images with Yocto"
            at <ulink url='http://free-electrons.com/blog/elc-2011-videos'>Free Electrons</ulink>.
            After going to the page, just search for "Embedded".
            You can also find supplemental information in the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>
            Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>.
            Finally, there is helpful material and links on this
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Transcript:_creating_one_generic_Atom_BSP_from_another'>wiki page</ulink>.
            Although a bit dated, you might find the information on the wiki
            helpful.
       </para>
    </section>

    <section id='modifying-the-kernel'>
        <title><anchor id='kernel-spot' />Modifying the Kernel</title>

        <para>
            Kernel modification involves changing the Yocto Project kernel, which could involve changing
            configuration options as well as adding new kernel recipes.
            Configuration changes can be added in the form of configuration fragments, while recipe
            modification comes through the kernel's <filename>recipes-kernel</filename> area
            in a kernel layer you create.
        </para>

        <para>
            The remainder of this section presents a high-level overview of the Yocto Project
            kernel architecture and the steps to modify the kernel.
            You can reference the
            "<link linkend='patching-the-kernel'>Patching the Kernel</link>" section
            for an example that changes the source code of the kernel.
            For information on how to configure the kernel, see the
            "<link linkend='configuring-the-kernel'>Configuring the Kernel</link>" section.
            For more information on the kernel and on modifying the kernel, see the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual</ulink>.
        </para>

        <section id='kernel-overview'>
            <title>Kernel Overview</title>

            <para>
                Traditionally, when one thinks of a patched kernel, they think of a base kernel
                source tree and a fixed structure that contains kernel patches.
                The Yocto Project, however, employs mechanisms that, in a sense, result in a kernel source
                generator.
                By the end of this section, this analogy will become clearer.
            </para>

            <para>
                You can find a web interface to the Yocto Project kernel source repositories at
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'></ulink>.
                If you look at the interface, you will see to the left a grouping of
                Git repositories titled "Yocto Linux Kernel."
                Within this group, you will find several kernels supported by
                the Yocto Project:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>
                        <filename>linux-yocto-3.8</filename></emphasis> - The
                        stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto
                        Project Release 1.4. This kernel is based on the
                        Linux 3.8 released kernel.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>
                        <filename>linux-yocto-3.10</filename></emphasis> - An
                        additional, unsupported Yocto Project kernel used with
                        the Yocto Project Release 1.5.
                        This kernel is based on the Linux 3.10 released kernel.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>
                        <filename>linux-yocto-3.14</filename></emphasis> - The
                        stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto
                        Project Releases 1.6 and 1.7.
                        This kernel is based on the Linux 3.14 released kernel.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>
                        <filename>linux-yocto-3.17</filename></emphasis> - An
                        additional, unsupported Yocto Project kernel used with
                        the Yocto Project Release 1.7.
                        This kernel is based on the Linux 3.17 released kernel.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>
                        <filename>linux-yocto-3.19</filename></emphasis> - The
                        stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto
                        Project Release 1.8.
                        This kernel is based on the Linux 3.19 released kernel.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>
                        <filename>linux-yocto-dev</filename></emphasis> - A
                        development kernel based on the latest upstream release
                        candidate available.
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>

            <para>
                The kernels are maintained using the Git revision control system
                that structures them using the familiar "tree", "branch", and "leaf" scheme.
                Branches represent diversions from general code to more specific code, while leaves
                represent the end-points for a complete and unique kernel whose source files,
                when gathered from the root of the tree to the leaf, accumulate to create the files
                necessary for a specific piece of hardware and its features.
                The following figure displays this concept:
            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-overview-1.png"
                    width="6in" depth="6in" align="center" scale="100" />
            </para>

            <para>
                Within the figure, the "Kernel.org Branch Point" represents the point in the tree
                where a supported base kernel is modified from the Linux kernel.
                For example, this could be the branch point for the <filename>linux-yocto-3.19</filename>
                kernel.
                Thus, everything further to the right in the structure is based on the
                <filename>linux-yocto-3.19</filename> kernel.
                Branch points to the right in the figure represent where the
                <filename>linux-yocto-3.19</filename> kernel is modified for specific hardware
                or types of kernels, such as real-time kernels.
                Each leaf thus represents the end-point for a kernel designed to run on a specific
                targeted device.
            </para>

            <para>
                The overall result is a Git-maintained repository from which all the supported
                kernel types can be derived for all the supported devices.
                A big advantage to this scheme is the sharing of common features by keeping them in
                "larger" branches within the tree.
                This practice eliminates redundant storage of similar features shared among kernels.
            </para>

            <note>
                Keep in mind the figure does not take into account all the supported Yocto
                Project kernel types, but rather shows a single generic kernel just for conceptual purposes.
                Also keep in mind that this structure represents the Yocto Project source repositories
                that are either pulled from during the build or established on the host development system
                prior to the build by either cloning a particular kernel's Git repository or by
                downloading and unpacking a tarball.
            </note>

            <para>
                Upstream storage of all the available kernel source code is one thing, while
                representing and using the code on your host development system is another.
                Conceptually, you can think of the kernel source repositories as all the
                source files necessary for all the supported kernels.
                As a developer, you are just interested in the source files for the kernel on
                which you are working.
                And, furthermore, you need them available on your host system.
            </para>

            <para>
                Kernel source code is available on your host system a couple of different
                ways.
                If you are working in the kernel all the time, you probably would want
                to set up your own local Git repository of the kernel tree.
                If you just need to make some patches to the kernel, you can access
                temporary kernel source files that were extracted and used
                during a build.
                We will just talk about working with the temporary source code.
                For more information on how to get kernel source code onto your
                host system, see the
                "<link linkend='local-kernel-files'>Yocto Project Kernel</link>"
                bulleted item earlier in the manual.
            </para>

            <para>
                What happens during the build?
                When you build the kernel on your development system, all files needed for the build
                are taken from the source repositories pointed to by the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink> variable
                and gathered in a temporary work area
                where they are subsequently used to create the unique kernel.
                Thus, in a sense, the process constructs a local source tree specific to your
                kernel to generate the new kernel image - a source generator if you will.
            </para>
                The following figure shows the temporary file structure
                created on your host system when the build occurs.
                This
                <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link> contains all the
                source files used during the build.
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png"
                    width="6in" depth="5in" align="center" scale="100" />
            </para>

            <para>
                Again, for additional information on the Yocto Project kernel's
                architecture and its branching strategy, see the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual</ulink>.
                You can also reference the
                "<link linkend='patching-the-kernel'>Patching the Kernel</link>"
                section for a detailed example that modifies the kernel.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='kernel-modification-workflow'>
            <title>Kernel Modification Workflow</title>

            <para>
                This illustration and the following list summarizes the kernel modification general workflow.
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-dev-flow.png"
                    width="6in" depth="5in" align="center" scalefit="1" />
            </para>

            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Set up your host development system to support
                        development using the Yocto Project</emphasis>:  See
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#the-linux-distro'>The Linux Distribution</ulink>" and
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#packages'>The Build Host Packages</ulink>" sections both
                        in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish a local copy of project files on your
                        system</emphasis>:  Having the <link linkend='source-directory'>Source
                        Directory</link> on your system gives you access to the build process and tools
                        you need.
                        For information on how to get these files, see the bulleted item
                        "<link linkend='local-yp-release'>Yocto Project Release</link>" earlier in this manual.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish the temporary kernel source files</emphasis>:
                        Temporary kernel source files are kept in the
                        <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>
                        created by the
                        OpenEmbedded build system when you run BitBake.
                        If you have never built the kernel in which you are
                        interested, you need to run an initial build to
                        establish local kernel source files.</para>
                        <para>If you are building an image for the first time, you need to get the build
                        environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script
                        (i.e. <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename> or
                        <filename>oe-init-build-env-memres</filename>).
                        You also need to be sure two key configuration files
                        (<filename>local.conf</filename> and <filename>bblayers.conf</filename>)
                        are configured appropriately.</para>
                        <para>The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#qs-building-images'>Building Images</ulink>"
                        section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                        You might want to reference this information.
                        You can find more information on BitBake in the
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>.
                        </para>
                        <para>The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs.
                        See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>" chapter in
                        the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Make changes to the kernel source code if
                        applicable</emphasis>:  Modifying the kernel does not always mean directly
                        changing source files.
                        However, if you have to do this, you make the changes to the files in the
                        Build Directory.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Make kernel configuration changes if applicable</emphasis>:
                        If your situation calls for changing the kernel's
                        configuration, you can use
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;#generating-configuration-files'><filename>menuconfig</filename></ulink>,
                        which allows you to interactively develop and test the
                        configuration changes you are making to the kernel.
                        Saving changes you make with
                        <filename>menuconfig</filename> updates
                        the kernel's <filename>.config</filename> file.
                        <note><title>Warning</title>
                            Try to resist the temptation to directly edit an
                            existing <filename>.config</filename> file, which is
                            found in the Build Directory at
                            <filename>tmp/sysroots/<replaceable>machine-name</replaceable>/kernel</filename>.
                            Doing so, can produce unexpected results when the
                            OpenEmbedded build system regenerates the configuration
                            file.
                        </note>
                        Once you are satisfied with the configuration
                        changes made using <filename>menuconfig</filename>
                        and you have saved them, you can directly compare the
                        resulting <filename>.config</filename> file against an
                        existing original and gather those changes into a
                        <link linkend='creating-config-fragments'>configuration fragment file</link>
                        to be referenced from within the kernel's
                        <filename>.bbappend</filename> file.</para>

                        <para>Additionally, if you are working in a BSP layer
                        and need to modify the BSP's kernel's configuration,
                        you can use the
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#managing-kernel-patches-and-config-items-with-yocto-kernel'><filename>yocto-kernel</filename></ulink>
                        script as well as <filename>menuconfig</filename>.
                        The <filename>yocto-kernel</filename> script lets
                        you interactively set up kernel configurations.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Rebuild the kernel image with your changes</emphasis>:
                        Rebuilding the kernel image applies your changes.
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>
</section>

<section id='application-development-workflow'>
    <title>Application Development Workflow</title>

    <para>
        Application development involves creating an application that you want
        to run on your target hardware, which is running a kernel image created using the
        OpenEmbedded build system.
        The Yocto Project provides an
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#adt-intro'>Application Development Toolkit (ADT)</ulink>
        and stand-alone
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#the-cross-development-toolchain'>cross-development toolchains</ulink>
        that facilitate quick development and integration of your application into its runtime environment.
        Using the ADT and toolchains, you can compile and link your application.
        You can then deploy your application to the actual hardware or to the QEMU emulator for testing.
        If you are familiar with the popular <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark> IDE,
        you can use an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to
        allow you to develop, deploy, and test your application all from within Eclipse.
    </para>

    <para>
        While we strongly suggest using the ADT to develop your application, this option might not
        be best for you.
        If this is the case, you can still use pieces of the Yocto Project for your development process.
        However, because the process can vary greatly, this manual does not provide detail on the process.
    </para>

    <section id='workflow-using-the-adt-and-eclipse'>
        <title>Workflow Using the ADT and <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark></title>

        <para>
            To help you understand how application development works using the ADT, this section
            provides an overview of the general development process and a detailed example of the process
            as it is used from within the Eclipse IDE.
        </para>

        <para>
            The following illustration and list summarize the application development general workflow.
        </para>

        <para>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/app-dev-flow.png"
                width="7in" depth="8in" align="center" scale="100" />
        </para>

        <para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Prepare the host system for the Yocto Project</emphasis>:
                    See
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#detailed-supported-distros'>Supported Linux Distributions</ulink>"
                    and
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#required-packages-for-the-host-development-system'>Required Packages for the Host Development System</ulink>" sections both
                    in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for requirements.
                    In particular, be sure your host system has the
                    <filename>xterm</filename> package installed.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Secure the Yocto Project kernel target image</emphasis>:
                    You must have a target kernel image that has been built using the OpenEmbedded
                    build system.</para>
                    <para>Depending on whether the Yocto Project has a pre-built image that matches your target
                    architecture and where you are going to run the image while you develop your application
                    (QEMU or real hardware), the area from which you get the image differs.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Download the image from
                                <ulink url='&YOCTO_MACHINES_DL_URL;'><filename>machines</filename></ulink>
                                if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop
                                and test your application on actual hardware.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Download the image from
                                <ulink url='&YOCTO_QEMU_DL_URL;'>
                                <filename>machines/qemu</filename></ulink> if your target architecture is supported
                                and you are going to develop and test your application using the QEMU
                                emulator.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Build your image if you cannot find a pre-built image that matches
                                your target architecture.
                                If your target architecture is similar to a supported architecture, you can
                                modify the kernel image before you build it.
                                See the
                                "<link linkend='patching-the-kernel'>Patching the Kernel</link>"
                                section for an example.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist></para>
                    <para>For information on pre-built kernel image naming schemes for images
                    that can run on the QEMU emulator, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#downloading-the-pre-built-linux-kernel'>Downloading the Pre-Built Linux Kernel</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Install the ADT</emphasis>:
                    The ADT provides a target-specific cross-development toolchain, the root filesystem,
                    the QEMU emulator, and other tools that can help you develop your application.
                    While it is possible to get these pieces separately, the ADT Installer provides an
                    easy, inclusive method.
                    You can get these pieces by running an ADT installer script, which is configurable.
                    For information on how to install the ADT, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-the-adt-installer'>Using the ADT Installer</ulink>"
                    section
                    in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>If applicable, secure the target root filesystem
                    and the Cross-development toolchain</emphasis>:
                    If you choose not to install the ADT using the ADT Installer,
                    you need to find and download the appropriate root filesystem and
                    the cross-development toolchain.</para>
                    <para>You can find the tarballs for the root filesystem in the same area used
                    for the kernel image.
                    Depending on the type of image you are running, the root filesystem you need differs.
                    For example, if you are developing an application that runs on an image that
                    supports Sato, you need to get a root filesystem that supports Sato.</para>
                    <para>You can find the cross-development toolchains at
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_TOOLCHAIN_DL_URL;'><filename>toolchains</filename></ulink>.
                    Be sure to get the correct toolchain for your development host and your
                    target architecture.
                    See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information
                    and the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#installing-the-toolchain'>Installing the Toolchain</ulink>"
                    in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information on finding and installing
                    the correct toolchain based on your host development system and your target
                    architecture.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Create and build your application</emphasis>:
                    At this point, you need to have source files for your application.
                    Once you have the files, you can use the Eclipse IDE to import them and build the
                    project.
                    If you are not using Eclipse, you need to use the cross-development tools you have
                    installed to create the image.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Deploy the image with the application</emphasis>:
                    If you are using the Eclipse IDE, you can deploy your image to the hardware or to
                    QEMU through the project's preferences.
                    If you are not using the Eclipse IDE, then you need to deploy the application
                    to the hardware using other methods.
                    Or, if you are using QEMU, you need to use that tool and
                    load your image in for testing.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='dev-manual-qemu'>Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)</link>"
                    chapter for information on using QEMU.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Test and debug the application</emphasis>:
                    Once your application is deployed, you need to test it.
                    Within the Eclipse IDE, you can use the debugging environment along with the
                    set of user-space tools installed along with the ADT to debug your application.
                    Of course, the same user-space tools are available separately if you choose
                    not to use the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
           </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='adt-eclipse'>
        <title>Working Within Eclipse</title>

        <para>
            The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully
            supports development using the Yocto Project.
            <note>
                This release of the Yocto Project supports both the Luna
                and Kepler versions of the Eclipse IDE.
                Thus, the following information provides setup information for
                both versions.
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in
            into the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience.
            Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment
            that has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily
            develop software.
            These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and
            execution of your output into a QEMU emulation session as well as
            actual target hardware.
            You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling.
            The environment also supports a suite of tools that allows you
            to perform remote profiling, tracing, collection of power data,
            collection of latency data, and collection of performance data.
        </para>

        <para>
            This section describes how to install and configure the Eclipse IDE
            Yocto Plug-in and how to use it to develop your application.
        </para>

        <section id='setting-up-the-eclipse-ide'>
            <title>Setting Up the Eclipse IDE</title>

            <para>
                To develop within the Eclipse IDE, you need to do the following:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Install the optimal version of the Eclipse
                       IDE.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Configure the Eclipse IDE.
                       </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.
                       </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.
                       </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
                <note>
                    Do not install Eclipse from your distribution's package
                    repository.
                    Be sure to install Eclipse from the official Eclipse
                    download site as directed in the next section.
                </note>
            </para>

            <section id='installing-eclipse-ide'>
                <title>Installing the Eclipse IDE</title>

                <para>
                    It is recommended that you have the Luna SR2 (4.4.2)
                    version of the Eclipse IDE installed on your development
                    system.
                    However, if you currently have the Kepler 4.3.2 version
                    installed and you do not want to upgrade the IDE, you can
                    configure Kepler to work with the Yocto Project.
                </para>

                <para>
                    If you do not have the Luna SR2 (4.4.2) Eclipse IDE
                    installed, you can find the tarball at
                    <ulink url='&ECLIPSE_MAIN_URL;'></ulink>.
                    From that site, choose the appropriate download from the
                    "Eclipse IDE for C/C++ Developers".
                    This version contains the Eclipse Platform, the Java
                    Development Tools (JDT), and the Plug-in Development
                    Environment.
                </para>

                <para>
                    Once you have downloaded the tarball, extract it into a
                    clean directory.
                    For example, the following commands unpack and install the
                    downloaded Eclipse IDE tarball into a clean directory
                    using the default name <filename>eclipse</filename>:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~
     $ tar -xzvf ~/Downloads/eclipse-cpp-luna-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
                    </literallayout>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='configuring-the-eclipse-ide'>
                <title>Configuring the Eclipse IDE</title>

                <para>
                    This section presents the steps needed to configure the
                    Eclipse IDE.
                </para>

                <para>
                    Before installing and configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in,
                    you need to configure the Eclipse IDE.
                    Follow these general steps:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Start the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Make sure you are in your Workbench and
                            select "Install New Software" from the "Help"
                            pull-down menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select
                            <filename>Luna - &ECLIPSE_LUNA_URL;</filename>
                            from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.
                            <note>
                                For Kepler, select
                                <filename>Kepler - &ECLIPSE_KEPLER_URL;</filename>
                            </note>
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Linux Tools"
                            and select the
                            <filename>Linux Tools LTTng Tracer Control</filename>,
                            <filename>Linux Tools LTTng Userspace Analysis</filename>,
                            and
                            <filename>LTTng Kernel Analysis</filename> boxes.
                            If these selections do not appear in the list,
                            that means the items are already installed.
                            <note>
                                For Kepler, select
                                <filename>LTTng - Linux Tracing Toolkit</filename>
                                box.
                            </note>
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Mobile and
                            Device Development" and select the following boxes.
                            Again, if any of the following items are not
                            available for selection, that means the items are
                            already installed:
                            <itemizedlist>
                                <listitem><para><filename>C/C++ Remote Launch (Requires RSE Remote System Explorer)</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>Remote System Explorer End-user Runtime</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>Remote System Explorer User Actions</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>Target Management Terminal (Core SDK)</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>TCF Remote System Explorer add-in</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>TCF Target Explorer</filename></para></listitem>
                            </itemizedlist></para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Programming
                            Languages" and select the
                            <filename>C/C++ Autotools Support</filename>
                            and <filename>C/C++ Development Tools</filename>
                            boxes.
                            For Luna, these items do not appear on the list
                            as they are already installed.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Complete the installation and restart
                            the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='installing-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>
                <title>Installing or Accessing the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</title>

                <para>
                    You can install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in into the Eclipse
                    IDE one of two ways:  use the Yocto Project's Eclipse
                    Update site to install the pre-built plug-in or build and
                    install the plug-in from the latest source code.
                </para>

                <section id='new-software'>
                    <title>Installing the Pre-built Plug-in from the Yocto Project Eclipse Update Site</title>

                    <para>
                        To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the update
                        site, follow these steps:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Start up the Eclipse IDE.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>In Eclipse, select "Install New
                                Software" from the "Help" menu.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "Add..." in the "Work with:"
                                area.</para></listitem>
                           <listitem><para>Enter
                                <filename>&ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;/luna</filename>
                                in the URL field and provide a meaningful name
                                in the "Name" field.
                                <note>
                                    If you are using Kepler, use
                                    <filename>&ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;/kepler</filename>
                                    in the URL field.
                                </note></para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "OK" to have the entry added
                                to the "Work with:" drop-down list.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select the entry for the plug-in
                                from the "Work with:" drop-down list.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Check the boxes next to
                                <filename>Yocto Project ADT Plug-in</filename>,
                                <filename>Yocto Project Bitbake Commander Plug-in</filename>,
                                and
                                <filename>Yocto Project Documentation plug-in</filename>.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Complete the remaining software
                                installation steps and then restart the Eclipse
                                IDE to finish the installation of the plug-in.
                                <note>
                                    You can click "OK" when prompted about
                                    installing software that contains unsigned
                                    content.
                                </note>
                                </para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                </section>

               <section id='zip-file-method'>
                   <title>Installing the Plug-in Using the Latest Source Code</title>

                   <para>
                        To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the latest
                        source code, follow these steps:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Be sure your development system
                                is not using OpenJDK to build the plug-in
                                by doing the following:
                                <orderedlist>
                                    <listitem><para>Use the Oracle JDK.
                                        If you don't have that, go to
                                        <ulink url='http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7-downloads-1880260.html'></ulink>
                                        and download the latest appropriate
                                        Java SE Development Kit tarball for
                                        your development system and
                                        extract it into your home directory.
                                        </para></listitem>
                                    <listitem><para>In the shell you are going
                                        to do your work, export the location of
                                        the Oracle Java.
                                        The previous step creates a new folder
                                        for the extracted software.
                                        You need to use the following
                                        <filename>export</filename> command
                                        and provide the specific location:
                                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     export PATH=~/<replaceable>extracted_jdk_location</replaceable>/bin:$PATH
                                        </literallayout>
                                        </para></listitem>
                                </orderedlist>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>In the same shell, create a Git
                                repository with:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~
     $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky
                                </literallayout>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Be sure to checkout the correct
                                tag.
                                For example, if you are using Luna, do the
                                following:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git checkout luna/yocto-&DISTRO;
                                </literallayout>
                                This puts you in a detached HEAD state, which
                                is fine since you are only going to be building
                                and not developing.
                                <note>
                                    If you are building kepler, checkout the
                                    <filename>kepler/yocto-&DISTRO;</filename>
                                    branch.
                                </note>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Change to the
                                <filename>scripts</filename>
                                directory within the Git repository:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd scripts
                                </literallayout>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Set up the local build environment
                                by running the setup script:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ ./setup.sh
                                </literallayout>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>When the script finishes execution,
                                it prompts you with instructions on how to run
                                the <filename>build.sh</filename> script, which
                                is also in the <filename>scripts</filename>
                                directory of the Git repository created
                                earlier.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Run the <filename>build.sh</filename>
                                script as directed.
                                Be sure to provide the tag name, documentation
                                branch, and a release name.
                                Here is an example that uses the
                                <filename>luna/yocto-&DISTRO;</filename> tag, the
                                <filename>master</filename> documentation
                                branch, and
                                <filename>&DISTRO_NAME;</filename> for the
                                release name:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ ECLIPSE_HOME=/home/scottrif/eclipse-poky/scripts/eclipse ./build.sh luna/yocto-&DISTRO; master &DISTRO_NAME; 2>&amp;1 | tee -a build.log
                                </literallayout>
                                After running the script, the file
                                <filename>org.yocto.sdk-</filename><replaceable>release</replaceable><filename>-</filename><replaceable>date</replaceable><filename>-archive.zip</filename>
                                is in the current directory.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>If necessary, start the Eclipse IDE
                                and be sure you are in the Workbench.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select "Install New Software" from
                                the "Help" pull-down menu.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "Add".</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Provide anything you want in the
                                "Name" field.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "Archive" and browse to the
                                ZIP file you built in step eight.
                                This ZIP file should not be "unzipped", and must
                                be the <filename>*archive.zip</filename> file
                                created by running the
                                <filename>build.sh</filename> script.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click the "OK" button.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Check the boxes that appear in
                                the installation window to install the
                                <filename>Yocto Project ADT Plug-in</filename>,
                                <filename>Yocto Project Bitbake Commander Plug-in</filename>,
                                and the
                                <filename>Yocto Project Documentation plug-in</filename>.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Finish the installation by clicking
                                through the appropriate buttons.
                                You can click "OK" when prompted about
                                installing software that contains unsigned
                                content.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Restart the Eclipse IDE if
                                necessary.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>

                    <para>
                        At this point you should be able to configure the
                        Eclipse Yocto Plug-in as described in the
                        "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</link>"
                        section.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

            <section id='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>
                <title>Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</title>

                <para>
                    Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in involves setting the
                    Cross Compiler options and the Target options.
                    The configurations you choose become the default settings
                    for all projects.
                    You do have opportunities to change them later when
                    you configure the project (see the following section).
                </para>

                <para>
                    To start, you need to do the following from within the
                    Eclipse IDE:
                    <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Choose "Preferences" from the
                            "Window" menu to display the Preferences Dialog.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click "Yocto Project ADT" to display
                            the configuration screen.
                            </para></listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                </para>

                <section id='configuring-the-cross-compiler-options'>
                    <title>Configuring the Cross-Compiler Options</title>

                    <para>
                        To configure the Cross Compiler Options, you must select
                        the type of toolchain, point to the toolchain, specify
                        the sysroot location, and select the target
                        architecture.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Selecting the Toolchain Type:</emphasis>
                                Choose between
                                <filename>Standalone pre-built toolchain</filename>
                                and
                                <filename>Build system derived toolchain</filename>
                                for Cross Compiler Options.
                                    <itemizedlist>
                                        <listitem><para><emphasis>
                                            <filename>Standalone Pre-built Toolchain:</filename></emphasis>
                                            Select this mode when you are using
                                            a stand-alone cross-toolchain.
                                            For example, suppose you are an
                                            application developer and do not
                                            need to build a target image.
                                            Instead, you just want to use an
                                            architecture-specific toolchain on
                                            an existing kernel and target root
                                            filesystem.</para></listitem>
                                       <listitem><para><emphasis>
                                            <filename>Build System Derived Toolchain:</filename></emphasis>
                                            Select this mode if the
                                            cross-toolchain has been installed
                                            and built as part of the
                                            <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>.
                                            When you select
                                            <filename>Build system derived toolchain</filename>,
                                            you are using the toolchain bundled
                                            inside the Build Directory.
                                            </para></listitem>
                                    </itemizedlist>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Point to the Toolchain:</emphasis>
                                If you are using a stand-alone pre-built
                                toolchain, you should be pointing to where it is
                                installed.
                                If you used the ADT Installer script and
                                accepted the default installation directory, the
                                toolchain will be installed in the
                                <filename>&YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR;</filename>
                                directory.
                                Sections "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#configuring-and-running-the-adt-installer-script'>Configuring and Running the ADT Installer Script</ulink>"
                                and
                                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball</ulink>"
                                in the Yocto Project Application Developer's
                                Guide describe how to install a stand-alone
                                cross-toolchain.</para>
                                <para>If you are using a system-derived
                                toolchain, the path you provide for the
                                <filename>Toolchain Root Location</filename>
                                field is the
                                <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>.
                                See the
                                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-the-toolchain-from-within-the-build-tree'>Using BitBake and the Build Directory</ulink>"
                                section in the Yocto Project Application
                                Developer's Guide for information on how to
                                install the toolchain into the Build
                                Directory.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Specify the Sysroot Location:</emphasis>
                                This location is where the root filesystem for
                                the target hardware resides.
                                If you used the ADT Installer script and
                                accepted the default installation directory,
                                then the location in your home directory
                                in a folder named
                                <filename>test-yocto/</filename><replaceable>target_arch</replaceable>.
                                Additionally, when you use the ADT Installer
                                script, the
                                <filename>/opt/poky/&DISTRO;/sysroots</filename>
                                location is used for the QEMU
                                user-space tools and the NFS boot process.
                                </para>
                                <para>If you used either of the other two
                                methods to install the toolchain or did not
                                accept the ADT Installer script's default
                                installation directory, then the location of
                                the sysroot filesystem depends on where you
                                separately extracted and installed the
                                filesystem.</para>
                                <para>For information on how to install the
                                toolchain and on how to extract and install the
                                sysroot filesystem, see the
                                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#installing-the-adt'>Installing the ADT and Toolchains</ulink>"
                                section in the Yocto Project Application
                                Developer's Guide.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Select the Target Architecture:</emphasis>
                                The target architecture is the type of hardware
                                you are going to use or emulate.
                                Use the pull-down
                                <filename>Target Architecture</filename> menu
                                to make your selection.
                                The pull-down menu should have the supported
                                architectures.
                                If the architecture you need is not listed in
                                the menu, you will need to build the image.
                                See the
                                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#qs-building-images'>Building Images</ulink>"
                                section of the Yocto Project Quick Start for
                                more information.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>
                </section>

                <section id='configuring-the-target-options'>
                    <title>Configuring the Target Options</title>

                    <para>
                        You can choose to emulate hardware using the QEMU
                        emulator, or you can choose to run your image on actual
                        hardware.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>QEMU:</emphasis>
                                Select this option if you will be using the
                                QEMU emulator.
                                If you are using the emulator, you also need to
                                locate the kernel and specify any custom
                                options.</para>
                                <para>If you selected
                                <filename>Build system derived toolchain</filename>,
                                the target kernel you built will be located in
                                the Build Directory in
                                <filename>tmp/deploy/images/<replaceable>machine</replaceable></filename>
                                directory.
                                If you selected
                                <filename>Standalone pre-built toolchain</filename>,
                                the pre-built image you downloaded is located
                                in the directory you specified when you
                                downloaded the image.</para>
                                <para>Most custom options are for advanced QEMU
                                users to further customize their QEMU instance.
                                These options are specified between paired
                                angled brackets.
                                Some options must be specified outside the
                                brackets.
                                In particular, the options
                                <filename>serial</filename>,
                                <filename>nographic</filename>, and
                                <filename>kvm</filename> must all be outside the
                                brackets.
                                Use the <filename>man qemu</filename> command
                                to get help on all the options and their use.
                                The following is an example:
                               <literallayout class='monospaced'>
    serial ‘&lt;-m 256 -full-screen&gt;’
                                </literallayout></para>
                                <para>
                                Regardless of the mode, Sysroot is already
                                defined as part of the Cross-Compiler Options
                                configuration in the
                                <filename>Sysroot Location:</filename> field.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>External HW:</emphasis>
                                Select this option if you will be using actual
                                hardware.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>

                    <para>
                        Click the "OK" to save your plug-in configurations.
                    </para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>

        <section id='creating-the-project'>
            <title>Creating the Project</title>

            <para>
                You can create two types of projects:  Autotools-based, or
                Makefile-based.
                This section describes how to create Autotools-based projects
                from within the Eclipse IDE.
                For information on creating Makefile-based projects in a
                terminal window, see the section
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-the-command-line'>Using the Command Line</ulink>"
                in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide.
                <note>
                    Do not use special characters in project names
                    (e.g. spaces, underscores, etc.).  Doing so can
                    cause configuration to fail.
                </note>
            </para>

            <para>
                To create a project based on a Yocto template and then display
                the source code, follow these steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Project" from the "File -> New" menu.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Double click <filename>CC++</filename>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Double click <filename>C Project</filename>
                        to create the project.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Expand <filename>Yocto Project ADT Autotools Project</filename>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select <filename>Hello World ANSI C Autotools Project</filename>.
                        This is an Autotools-based project based on a Yocto
                        template.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Put a name in the <filename>Project name:</filename>
                        field.
                        Do not use hyphens as part of the name.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Next".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Add information in the
                        <filename>Author</filename> and
                        <filename>Copyright notice</filename> fields.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Be sure the <filename>License</filename>
                        field is correct.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Finish".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>If the "open perspective" prompt appears,
                        click "Yes" so that you in the C/C++ perspective.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>The left-hand navigation pane shows your
                        project.
                        You can display your source by double clicking the
                        project's source file.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='configuring-the-cross-toolchains'>
            <title>Configuring the Cross-Toolchains</title>

            <para>
                The earlier section,
                "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</link>",
                sets up the default project configurations.
                You can override these settings for a given project by following
                these steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Change Yocto Project Settings" from
                        the "Project" menu.
                        This selection brings up the Yocto Project Settings
                        Dialog and allows you to make changes specific to an
                        individual project.</para>
                        <para>By default, the Cross Compiler Options and Target
                        Options for a project are inherited from settings you
                        provided using the Preferences Dialog as described
                        earlier in the
                        "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</link>" section.
                        The Yocto Project Settings Dialog allows you to override
                        those default settings for a given project.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Make your configurations for the project
                        and click "OK".
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Right-click in the navigation pane and
                        select "Reconfigure Project" from the pop-up menu.
                        This selection reconfigures the project by running
                        <filename>autogen.sh</filename> in the workspace for
                        your project.
                        The script also runs <filename>libtoolize</filename>,
                        <filename>aclocal</filename>,
                        <filename>autoconf</filename>,
                        <filename>autoheader</filename>,
                        <filename>automake --a</filename>, and
                        <filename>./configure</filename>.
                        Click on the "Console" tab beneath your source code to
                        see the results of reconfiguring your project.
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='building-the-project'>
            <title>Building the Project</title>

            <para>
                To build the project select "Build Project" from the
                "Project" menu.
                The console should update and you can note the cross-compiler
                you are using.
                <note>
                    When building "Yocto Project ADT Autotools" projects, the Eclipse
                    IDE might display error messages for Functions/Symbols/Types
                    that cannot be "resolved", even when the related include file
                    is listed at the project navigator and when the project is
                    able to build.
                    For these cases only, it is recommended to add a new linked
                    folder to the appropriate sysroot.
                    Use these steps to add the linked folder:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>
                            Select the project.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>
                            Select "Folder" from the
                            <filename>File > New</filename> menu.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>
                            In the "New Folder" Dialog, select "Link to alternate
                            location (linked folder)".
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>
                            Click "Browse" to navigate to the include folder inside
                            the same sysroot location selected in the Yocto Project
                            configuration preferences.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>
                            Click "OK".
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>
                            Click "Finish" to save the linked folder.
                            </para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </note>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='starting-qemu-in-user-space-nfs-mode'>
            <title>Starting QEMU in User-Space NFS Mode</title>

            <para>
                To start the QEMU emulator from within Eclipse, follow these
                steps:
                <note>
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='dev-manual-qemu'>Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)</link>"
                    chapter for more information on using QEMU.
                </note>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Expose and select "External Tools" from
                        the "Run" menu.
                        Your image should appear as a selectable menu item.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select your image from the menu to launch
                        the emulator in a new window.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>If needed, enter your host root password in
                        the shell window at the prompt.
                        This sets up a <filename>Tap 0</filename> connection
                        needed for running in user-space NFS mode.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Wait for QEMU to launch.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Once QEMU launches, you can begin operating
                        within that environment.
                        One useful task at this point would be to determine the
                        IP Address for the user-space NFS by using the
                       <filename>ifconfig</filename> command.
                       </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='deploying-and-debugging-the-application'>
            <title>Deploying and Debugging the Application</title>

            <para>
                Once the QEMU emulator is running the image, you can deploy
                your application using the Eclipse IDE and then use
                the emulator to perform debugging.
                Follow these steps to deploy the application.
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Debug Configurations..." from the
                        "Run" menu.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>In the left area, expand
                        <filename>C/C++Remote Application</filename>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Locate your project and select it to bring
                        up a new tabbed view in the Debug Configurations Dialog.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Enter the absolute path into which you want
                        to deploy the application.
                        Use the "Remote Absolute File Path for
                        C/C++Application:" field.
                        For example, enter
                        <filename>/usr/bin/<replaceable>programname</replaceable></filename>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click on the "Debugger" tab to see the
                        cross-tool debugger you are using.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click on the "Main" tab.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Create a new connection to the QEMU instance
                        by clicking on "new".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select <filename>TCF</filename>, which means
                        Target Communication Framework.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Next".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Clear out the "host name" field and enter
                        the IP Address determined earlier.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Finish" to close the
                        New Connections Dialog.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Use the drop-down menu now in the
                        "Connection" field and pick the IP Address you entered.
                         </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Debug" to bring up a login screen
                        and login.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Accept the debug perspective.
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='running-user-space-tools'>
            <title>Running User-Space Tools</title>

            <para>
                As mentioned earlier in the manual, several tools exist that
                enhance your development experience.
                These tools are aids in developing and debugging applications
                and images.
                You can run these user-space tools from within the Eclipse
                IDE through the "YoctoProjectTools" menu.
            </para>

            <para>
                Once you pick a tool, you need to configure it for the remote
                target.
                Every tool needs to have the connection configured.
                You must select an existing TCF-based RSE connection to the
                remote target.
                If one does not exist, click "New" to create one.
            </para>

            <para>
                Here are some specifics about the remote tools:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>OProfile</filename>:</emphasis>
                        Selecting this tool causes the
                        <filename>oprofile-server</filename> on the remote
                        target to launch on the local host machine.
                        The <filename>oprofile-viewer</filename> must be
                        installed on the local host machine and the
                        <filename>oprofile-server</filename> must be installed
                        on the remote target, respectively, in order to use.
                        You must compile and install the
                        <filename>oprofile-viewer</filename> from the source
                        code on your local host machine.
                        Furthermore, in order to convert the target's sample
                        format data into a form that the host can use, you must
                        have OProfile version 0.9.4 or greater installed on the
                        host.</para>
                        <para>You can locate both the viewer and server from
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/oprofileui/'></ulink>.
                        You can also find more information on setting up and
                        using this tool in the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_PROF_URL;#profile-manual-oprofile'>oprofile</ulink>"
                        section of the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing
                        Manual.
                        <note>The <filename>oprofile-server</filename> is
                        installed by default on the
                        <filename>core-image-sato-sdk</filename> image.</note>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>Lttng2.0 trace import</filename>:</emphasis>
                        Selecting this tool transfers the remote target's
                        <filename>Lttng</filename> tracing data back to the
                        local host machine and uses the Lttng Eclipse plug-in
                        to graphically display the output.
                        For information on how to use Lttng to trace an
                        application,
                        see <ulink url='http://lttng.org/documentation'></ulink>
                        and the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_PROF_URL;#lttng-linux-trace-toolkit-next-generation'>LTTng (Linux Trace Toolkit, next generation)</ulink>"
                        section, which is in the Yocto Project Profiling and
                        Tracing Manual.
                        <note>Do not use
                            <filename>Lttng-user space (legacy)</filename> tool.
                            This tool no longer has any upstream support.</note>
                        </para>
                        <para>Before you use the
                        <filename>Lttng2.0 trace import</filename> tool,
                        you need to setup the Lttng Eclipse plug-in and create a
                        Tracing project.
                        Do the following:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Select "Open Perspective" from the
                                "Window" menu and then select "Other..." to
                                bring up a menu of other perspectives.
                                Choose "Tracing".
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "OK" to change the Eclipse
                                perspective into the Tracing perspective.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Create a new Tracing project by
                                selecting "Project" from the "File -> New" menu.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Choose "Tracing Project" from the
                                "Tracing" menu and click "Next".
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Provide a name for your tracing
                                project and click "Finish".
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Generate your tracing data on the
                                remote target.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select "Lttng2.0 trace import"
                                from the "Yocto Project Tools" menu to
                                start the data import process.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Specify your remote connection name.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>For the Ust directory path, specify
                                the location of your remote tracing data.
                                Make sure the location ends with
                                <filename>ust</filename> (e.g.
                                <filename>/usr/mysession/ust</filename>).
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "OK" to complete the import
                                process.
                                The data is now in the local tracing project
                                you created.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Right click on the data and then use
                                the menu to Select "Generic CTF Trace" from the
                                "Trace Type... -> Common Trace Format" menu to
                                map the tracing type.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Right click the mouse and select
                                "Open" to bring up the Eclipse Lttng Trace
                                Viewer so you view the tracing data.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>PowerTOP</filename>:</emphasis>
                        Selecting this tool runs PowerTOP on the remote target
                        machine and displays the results in a new view called
                        PowerTOP.</para>
                        <para>The "Time to gather data(sec):" field is the time
                        passed in seconds before data is gathered from the
                        remote target for analysis.</para>
                        <para>The "show pids in wakeups list:" field corresponds
                        to the <filename>-p</filename> argument passed to
                        <filename>PowerTOP</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>LatencyTOP and Perf</filename>:</emphasis>
                        LatencyTOP identifies system latency, while
                        Perf monitors the system's performance counter
                        registers.
                        Selecting either of these tools causes an RSE terminal
                        view to appear from which you can run the tools.
                        Both tools refresh the entire screen to display results
                        while they run.
                        For more information on setting up and using
                        <filename>perf</filename>, see the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_PROF_URL;#profile-manual-perf'>perf</ulink>"
                        section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing
                        Manual.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>SystemTap</filename>:</emphasis>
                        Systemtap is a tool that lets you create and reuse
                        scripts to examine the activities of a live Linux
                        system.
                        You can easily extract, filter, and summarize data
                        that helps you diagnose complex performance or
                        functional problems.
                        For more information on setting up and using
                        <filename>SystemTap</filename>, see the
                        <ulink url='https://sourceware.org/systemtap/documentation.html'>SystemTap Documentation</ulink>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>yocto-bsp</filename>:</emphasis>
                        The <filename>yocto-bsp</filename> tool lets you
                        quickly set up a Board Support Package (BSP) layer.
                        The tool requires a Metadata location, build location,
                        BSP name, BSP output location, and a kernel
                        architecture.
                        For more information on the
                        <filename>yocto-bsp</filename> tool outside of Eclipse,
                        see the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a new BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
                        section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package
                        (BSP) Developer's Guide.
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id='workflow-using-stand-alone-cross-development-toolchains'>
        <title>Workflow Using Stand-Alone Cross-Development Toolchains</title>

        <para>
            If you want to develop an application without prior installation
            of the ADT, you still can employ the
            <link linkend='cross-development-toolchain'>Cross Development Toolchain</link>,
            the QEMU emulator, and a number of supported  target image files.
            You just need to follow these general steps:
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Install the cross-development
                    toolchain for your target hardware:</emphasis>
                    For information on how to install the toolchain, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's
                    Guide.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Download the Target Image:</emphasis>
                    The Yocto Project supports several target architectures
                    and has many pre-built kernel images and root filesystem
                    images.</para>
                    <para>If you are going to develop your application on
                    hardware, go to the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_MACHINES_DL_URL;'><filename>machines</filename></ulink>
                    download area and choose a target machine area
                    from which to download the kernel image and root filesystem.
                    This download area could have several files in it that
                    support development using actual hardware.
                    For example, the area might contain
                    <filename>.hddimg</filename> files that combine the
                    kernel image with the filesystem, boot loaders, and
                    so forth.
                    Be sure to get the files you need for your particular
                    development process.</para>
                    <para>If you are going to develop your application and
                    then run and test it using the QEMU emulator, go to the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_QEMU_DL_URL;'><filename>machines/qemu</filename></ulink>
                    download area.
                    From this area, go down into the directory for your
                    target architecture (e.g. <filename>qemux86_64</filename>
                    for an <trademark class='registered'>Intel</trademark>-based
                    64-bit architecture).
                    Download kernel, root filesystem, and any other files you
                    need for your process.
                    <note>In order to use the root filesystem in QEMU, you
                    need to extract it.
                    See the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#extracting-the-root-filesystem'>Extracting the Root Filesystem</ulink>"
                    section for information on how to extract the root
                    filesystem.</note></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Develop and Test your
                    Application:</emphasis>  At this point, you have the tools
                    to develop your application.
                    If you need to separately install and use the QEMU
                    emulator, you can go to
                    <ulink url='http://wiki.qemu.org/Main_Page'>QEMU Home Page</ulink>
                    to download and learn about the emulator.
                    You can see the
                    "<link linkend='dev-manual-qemu'>Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)</link>"
                    chapter for information on using QEMU within the Yocto
                    Project.</para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>
</section>

<section id="dev-modifying-source-code">
    <title>Modifying Source Code</title>

    <para>
        A common development workflow consists of modifying project source
        files that are external to the Yocto Project and then integrating
        that project's build output into an image built using the
        OpenEmbedded build system.
        Given this scenario, development engineers typically want to stick
        to their familiar project development tools and methods, which allows
        them to just focus on the project.
    </para>

    <para>
        Several workflows exist that allow you to develop, build, and test
        code that is going to be integrated into an image built using the
        OpenEmbedded build system.
        This section describes two:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>devtool</filename>:</emphasis>
                A set of tools to aid in working on the source code built by
                the OpenEmbedded build system.
                Section
                "<link linkend='using-devtool-in-your-workflow'>Using <filename>devtool</filename> in Your Workflow</link>"
                describes this workflow.
                If you want more information that showcases the workflow, click
                <ulink url='https://drive.google.com/a/linaro.org/file/d/0B3KGzY5fW7laTDVxUXo3UDRvd2s/view'>here</ulink>
                for an excellent presentation by Trevor Woerner that
                provides detailed background information and a complete
                working tutorial.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para><emphasis><ulink url='http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'>Quilt</ulink>:</emphasis>
                A powerful tool that allows you to capture source
                code changes without having a clean source tree.
                While Quilt is not the preferred workflow of the two, this
                section includes it for users that are committed to using
                the tool.
                See the
                "<link linkend='using-a-quilt-workflow'>Using Quilt in Your Workflow</link>"
                section for more information.
                </para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <section id='using-devtool-in-your-workflow'>
        <title>Using <filename>devtool</filename> in Your Workflow</title>

        <para>
            As mentioned earlier, <filename>devtool</filename> helps
            you easily develop projects whose build output must be part of
            an image built using the OpenEmbedded build system.
        </para>

        <para>
            Three entry points exist that allow you develop using
            <filename>devtool</filename>:
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>devtool add</filename></emphasis>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>devtool modify</filename></emphasis>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>devtool upgrade</filename></emphasis>
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            The remainder of this section presents these workflows.
        </para>

        <section id='use-devtool-to-integrate-new-code'>
            <title>Use <filename>devtool add</filename> to Integrate New Code</title>

            <para>
                The <filename>devtool add</filename> command generates
                a new recipe based on existing source code.
                This command takes advantage of the
                <link linkend='devtool-the-workspace-layer-structure'>workspace</link>
                layer that many <filename>devtool</filename> commands
                use.
                The command is flexible enough to allow you to extract source
                code into both the workspace or a separate local Git repository
                and to use existing code that does not need to be extracted.
            </para>

            <para>
                Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options
                you use with <filename>devtool add</filename> form different
                combinations.
                The following diagram shows common development flows
                you would use with the <filename>devtool add</filename>
                command:
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/devtool-add-flow.png" align="center" />
            </para>

            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Generating the New Recipe</emphasis>:
                        The top part of the flow shows three scenarios by which
                        you could use <filename>devtool add</filename> to
                        generate a recipe based on existing source code.</para>

                        <para>In a shared development environment, it is
                        typical where other developers are responsible for
                        various areas of source code.
                        As a developer, you are probably interested in using
                        that source code as part of your development using
                        the Yocto Project.
                        All you need is access to the code, a recipe, and a
                        controlled area in which to do your work.</para>

                        <para>Within the diagram, three possible scenarios
                        feed into the <filename>devtool add</filename> workflow:
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Left</emphasis>:
                                The left scenario represents a common situation
                                where the source code does not exist locally
                                and needs to be extracted.
                                In this situation, you just let it get
                                extracted to the default workspace - you do not
                                want it in some specific location outside of the
                                workspace.
                                Thus, everything you need will be located in the
                                workspace:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool add <replaceable>recipe fetchuri</replaceable>
                                </literallayout>
                                With this command, <filename>devtool</filename>
                                creates a recipe and an append file in the
                                workspace as well as extracts the upstream
                                source files into a local Git repository also
                                within the <filename>sources</filename> folder.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Middle</emphasis>:
                                The middle scenario also represents a situation where
                                the source code does not exist locally.
                                In this case, the code is again upstream
                                and needs to be extracted to some
                                local area - this time outside of the default
                                workspace.
                                As always, if required <filename>devtool</filename> creates
                                a Git repository locally during the extraction.
                                Furthermore, the first positional argument
                                <replaceable>srctree</replaceable> in this case
                                identifies where the
                                <filename>devtool add</filename> command
                                will locate the extracted code outside of the
                                workspace:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool add <replaceable>srctree fetchuri</replaceable>
                                </literallayout>
                                In summary, the source code is pulled from
                                <replaceable>fetchuri</replaceable> and extracted
                                into the location defined by
                                <replaceable>srctree</replaceable> as a local
                                Git repository.</para>

                                <para>Within workspace, <filename>devtool</filename>
                                creates both the recipe and an append file
                                for the recipe.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Right</emphasis>:
                                The right scenario represents a situation
                                where the source tree (srctree) has been
                                previously prepared outside of the
                                <filename>devtool</filename> workspace.
                                </para>

                                <para>The following command names the recipe
                                and identifies where the existing source tree
                                is located:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool add <replaceable>recipe srctree</replaceable>
                                </literallayout>
                                The command examines the source code and creates
                                a recipe for it placing the recipe into the
                                workspace.</para>

                                <para>Because the extracted source code already exists,
                                <filename>devtool</filename> does not try to
                                relocate it into the workspace - just the new
                                the recipe is placed in the workspace.</para>

                                <para>Aside from a recipe folder, the command
                                also creates an append folder and places an initial
                                <filename>*.bbappend</filename> within.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Recipe</emphasis>:
                        At this point, you can use <filename>devtool edit-recipe</filename>
                        to open up the editor as defined by the
                        <filename>$EDITOR</filename> environment variable
                        and modify the file:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool edit-recipe <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        From within the editor, you can make modifications to the
                        recipe that take affect when you build it later.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Build the Recipe or Rebuild the Image</emphasis>:
                        At this point in the flow, the next step you
                        take depends on what you are going to do with
                        the new code.</para>
                        <para>If you need to take the build output and eventually
                        move it to the target hardware, you would use
                        <filename>devtool build</filename>:
                        <note>
                            You could use <filename>bitbake</filename> to build
                            the recipe as well.
                        </note>
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool build <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                        </literallayout></para>
                        <para>On the other hand, if you want an image to
                        contain the recipe's packages for immediate deployment
                        onto a device (e.g. for testing purposes), you can use
                        the <filename>devtool build-image</filename> command:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool build-image <replaceable>image</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Deploy the Build Output</emphasis>:
                        When you use the <filename>devtool build</filename>
                        command to build out your recipe, you probably want to
                        see if the resulting build output works as expected on target
                        hardware.
                        <note>
                            This step assumes you have a previously built
                            image that is already either running in QEMU or
                            running on actual hardware.
                            Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image
                            to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if
                            the image is running on real hardware that you have
                            network access to and from your development machine.
                        </note>
                        You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by
                        using the <filename>devtool deploy-target</filename> command:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool deploy-target <replaceable>recipe target</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        The <replaceable>target</replaceable> is a live target machine
                        running as an SSH server.</para>

                        <para>You can, of course, also deploy the image you build
                        using the <filename>devtool build-image</filename> command
                        to actual hardware.
                        However, <filename>devtool</filename> does not provide a
                        specific command that allows you to do this.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Optionally Update the Recipe With Patch Files</emphasis>:
                        Once you are satisfied with the recipe, if you have made
                        any changes to the source tree that you want to have
                        applied by the recipe, you need to generate patches
                        from those changes.
                        You do this before moving the recipe
                        to its final layer and cleaning up the workspace area
                        <filename>devtool</filename> uses.
                        This optional step is especially relevant if you are
                        using or adding third-party software.</para>
                        <para>To convert commits created using Git to patch files,
                        use the <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename> command.
                        <note>
                            Any changes you want to turn into patches must be
                            committed to the Git repository in the source tree.
                        </note>
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool update-recipe <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Move the Recipe to its Permanent Layer</emphasis>:
                        Before cleaning up the workspace, you need to move the
                        final recipe to its permanent layer.
                        You must do this before using the
                        <filename>devtool reset</filename> command if you want to
                        retain the recipe.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Reset the Recipe</emphasis>:
                        As a final step, you can restore the state such that
                        standard layers and the upstream source is used to build
                        the recipe rather than data in the workspace.
                        To reset the recipe, use the <filename>devtool reset</filename>
                        command:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool reset <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-use-devtool-modify-to-enable-work-on-code-associated-with-an-existing-recipe'>
            <title>Use <filename>devtool modify</filename> to Enable Work on Code Associated with an Existing Recipe</title>

            <para>
                The <filename>devtool modify</filename> command prepares the
                way to work on existing code that already has a recipe in
                place.
                The command is flexible enough to allow you to extract code,
                specify the existing recipe, and keep track of and gather any
                patch files from other developers that are
                associated with the code.
            </para>

            <para>
                Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options
                you use with <filename>devtool modify</filename> form different
                combinations.
                The following diagram shows common development flows
                you would use with the <filename>devtool modify</filename>
                command:
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/devtool-modify-flow.png" align="center" />
            </para>

            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Preparing to Modify the Code</emphasis>:
                        The top part of the flow shows three scenarios by which
                        you could use <filename>devtool modify</filename> to
                        prepare to work on source files.
                        Each scenario assumes the following:
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para>The recipe exists in some layer external
                                to the <filename>devtool</filename> workspace.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>The source files exist upstream in an
                                un-extracted state or locally in a previously
                                extracted state.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        The typical situation is where another developer has
                        created some layer for use with the Yocto Project and
                        their recipe already resides in that layer.
                        Furthermore, their source code is readily available
                        either upstream or locally.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Left</emphasis>:
                                The left scenario represents a common situation
                                where the source code does not exist locally
                                and needs to be extracted.
                                In this situation, the source is extracted
                                into the default workspace location.
                                The recipe, in this scenario, is in its own
                                layer outside the workspace
                                (i.e.
                                <filename>meta-</filename><replaceable>layername</replaceable>).
                                </para>

                                <para>The following command identifies the recipe
                                and instructs <filename>devtool</filename> to
                                extract the source files using the "-x" option:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool modify -x <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                                </literallayout>
                                Once <filename>devtool</filename>locates the recipe,
                                it uses the
                                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
                                variable to locate the source code and
                                any local patch files from other developers are
                                located.
                                <note>
                                    You cannot provide an URL for
                                    <replaceable>srctree</replaceable> when using the
                                    <filename>devtool modify</filename> command.
                                </note>
                                With this scenario, however, since no
                                <replaceable>srctree</replaceable> argument exists, the
                                <filename>devtool modify</filename> command extracts the
                                source files to a Git structure using the default
                                location within the workspace.
                                The result is that the command set up both the source
                                code and an append file within the workspace with the
                                recipe remaining in its original location.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Middle</emphasis>:
                                The middle scenario represents a situation where
                                the source code also does not exist locally.
                                In this case, the code is again upstream
                                and needs to be extracted to some
                                local area as a Git repository.
                                The recipe, in this scenario, is again in its own
                                layer outside the workspace.</para>

                                <para>The following command tells
                                <filename>devtool</filename> what recipe with
                                which to work and also uses the "-x" option to
                                instruct <filename>devtool</filename> to locate and
                                extract the source code:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool modify -x <replaceable>recipe srctree</replaceable>
                                </literallayout>
                                As with all extractions, the command uses
                                the recipe's <filename>SRC_URI</filename> to locate the
                                source files.
                                Once the files are located, the command extracts
                                them to the location specified by
                                <replaceable>srctree</replaceable>.</para>

                                <para>Within workspace, <filename>devtool</filename>
                                creates an append file for the recipe.
                                The recipe remains in its original location but
                                the source files are extracted to the location you
                                provided with <replaceable>srctree</replaceable>.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Right</emphasis>:
                                The right scenario represents a situation
                                where the source tree (srctree) exists as a
                                previously extracted Git structure outside of
                                the <filename>devtool</filename> workspace.
                                In this example, the recipe also exists
                                elsewhere in its own layer.
                                </para>

                                <para>The following command tells
                                <filename>devtool</filename> the recipe
                                with which to work and uses
                                <replaceable>srctree</replaceable> to point to the
                                previously extracted source files:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool modify <replaceable>recipe srctree</replaceable>
                                </literallayout>
                                </para>

                                <para>Once the command finishes, it creates only
                                an append file for the recipe in the workspace.
                                The recipe and the source code remain in their
                                original locations.
                                </para></listitem>
                            </itemizedlist>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Source</emphasis>:
                        Once you have used the <filename>devtool modify</filename>
                        command, you are free to make changes to the source
                        files.
                        You can use any editor you like to make and save
                        your source code modifications.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Build the Recipe</emphasis>:
                        Once you have updated the source files, you can build
                        the recipe.
                        You can either use <filename>devtool build</filename> or
                        <filename>bitbake</filename>.
                        Either method produces build output that is stored
                        in
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Deploy the Build Output</emphasis>:
                        When you use the <filename>devtool build</filename>
                        command or <filename>bitbake</filename> to build out your
                        recipe, you probably want to see if the resulting build
                        output works as expected on target hardware.
                        <note>
                            This step assumes you have a previously built
                            image that is already either running in QEMU or
                            running on actual hardware.
                            Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image
                            to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if
                            the image is running on real hardware that you have
                            network access to and from your development machine.
                        </note>
                        You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by
                        using the <filename>devtool deploy-target</filename> command:
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool deploy-target <replaceable>recipe target</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        The <replaceable>target</replaceable> is a live target machine
                        running as an SSH server.</para>

                        <para>You can, of course, also deploy the image you build
                        using the <filename>devtool build-image</filename> command
                        to actual hardware.
                        However, <filename>devtool</filename> does not provide a
                        specific command that allows you to do this.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Optionally Create Patch Files for Your Changes</emphasis>:
                        After you have debugged your changes, you can
                        use <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename> to
                        generate patch files for all the commits you have
                        made.
                        <note>
                            Patch files are generated only for changes
                            you have committed.
                        </note>
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool update-recipe <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        By default, the
                        <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename> command
                        creates the patch files in a folder named the same
                        as the recipe beneath the folder in which the recipe
                        resides, and updates the recipe's
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink>
                        statement to point to the generated patch files.
                        <note>
                            You can use the
                            "--append <replaceable>LAYERDIR</replaceable>"
                            option to cause the command to create append files
                            in a specific layer rather than the default
                            recipe layer.
                        </note>
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Restore the Workspace</emphasis>:
                        The <filename>devtool reset</filename> restores the
                        state so that standard layers and upstream sources are
                        used to build the recipe rather than what is in the
                        workspace.
                        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool reset <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                        </literallayout>
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id='devtool-quick-reference'>
        <title><filename>devtool</filename> Quick Reference</title>

        <para>
            <filename>devtool</filename> has more functionality than simply
            adding a new recipe and the supporting Metadata to a temporary
            workspace layer.
            This section provides a short reference on
            <filename>devtool</filename> and its commands.
        </para>

        <section id='devtool-getting-help'>
            <title>Getting Help</title>

            <para>
                The easiest way to get help with the
                <filename>devtool</filename> command is using the
                <filename>--help</filename> option:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     usage: devtool [--basepath BASEPATH] [--bbpath BBPATH] [-d] [-q]
                    [--color COLOR] [-h]
                    &lt;subcommand&gt; ...

     OpenEmbedded development tool

     optional arguments:
       --basepath BASEPATH  Base directory of SDK / build directory
       --bbpath BBPATH      Explicitly specify the BBPATH, rather than getting it
                            from the metadata
       -d, --debug          Enable debug output
       -q, --quiet          Print only errors
       --color COLOR        Colorize output (where COLOR is auto, always, never)
       -h, --help           show this help message and exit

     subcommands:
       &lt;subcommand&gt;
         create-workspace   Set up workspace in an alternative location
         upgrade            Upgrade an existing recipe
         deploy-target      Deploy recipe output files to live target machine
         undeploy-target    Undeploy recipe output files in live target machine
         search             Search available recipes
         build              Build a recipe
         edit-recipe        Edit a recipe file in your workspace
         configure-help     Get help on configure script options
         add                Add a new recipe
         modify             Modify the source for an existing recipe
         extract            Extract the source for an existing recipe
         sync               Synchronize the source tree for an existing recipe
         update-recipe      Apply changes from external source tree to recipe
         status             Show workspace status
         reset              Remove a recipe from your workspace
         build-image        Build image including workspace recipe packages

     Use devtool &lt;subcommand&gt; --help to get help on a specific command
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                As directed in the general help output, you can get more
                syntax on a specific command by providing the command
                name and using <filename>--help</filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool add --help
     usage: devtool add [-h] [--same-dir | --no-same-dir] [--fetch URI]
                        [--version VERSION] [--no-git] [--binary] [--also-native]
                        [--src-subdir SUBDIR]
                        [recipename] [srctree] [fetchuri]

     Adds a new recipe to the workspace to build a specified source tree. Can
     optionally fetch a remote URI and unpack it to create the source tree.

     positional arguments:
       recipename            Name for new recipe to add (just name - no version,
                             path or extension). If not specified, will attempt to
                             auto-detect it.
       srctree               Path to external source tree. If not specified, a
                             subdirectory of
                             /home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/sources will be
                             used.
       fetchuri              Fetch the specified URI and extract it to create the
                             source tree

     optional arguments:
       -h, --help            show this help message and exit
       --same-dir, -s        Build in same directory as source
       --no-same-dir         Force build in a separate build directory
       --fetch URI, -f URI   Fetch the specified URI and extract it to create the
                             source tree (deprecated - pass as positional argument
                             instead)
       --version VERSION, -V VERSION
                             Version to use within recipe (PV)
       --no-git, -g          If fetching source, do not set up source tree as a git
                             repository
       --binary, -b          Treat the source tree as something that should be
                             installed verbatim (no compilation, same directory
                             structure). Useful with binary packages e.g. RPMs.
       --also-native         Also add native variant (i.e. support building recipe
                             for the build host as well as the target machine)
       --src-subdir SUBDIR   Specify subdirectory within source tree to use
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-the-workspace-layer-structure'>
            <title>The Workspace Layer Structure</title>

            <para>
                <filename>devtool</filename> uses a "Workspace" layer
                in which to accomplish builds.
                This layer is not specific to any single
                <filename>devtool</filename> command but is rather a common
                working area used across the tool.
            </para>

            <para>
                The following figure shows the workspace structure:
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/build-workspace-directory.png"
                    width="6in" depth="5in" align="left" scale="70" />
            </para>

            <para>
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     attic - A directory created if devtool believes it preserve
             anything when you run "devtool reset".  For example, if you
             run "devtool add", make changes to the recipe, and then
             run "devtool reset", devtool takes notice that the file has
             been changed and moves it into the attic should you still
             want the recipe.

     README - Provides information on what is in workspace layer and how to
              manage it.

     .devtool_md5 - A checksum file used by devtool.

     appends - A directory that contains *.bbappend files, which point to
               external source.

     conf - A configuration directory that contains the layer.conf file.

     recipes - A directory containing recipes.  This directory contains a
               folder for each directory added whose name matches that of the
               added recipe.  devtool places the <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>.bb file
               within that sub-directory.

     sources - A directory containing a working copy of the source files used
               when building the recipe.  This is the default directory used
               as the location of the source tree when you do not provide a
               source tree path.  This directory contains a folder for each
               set of source files matched to a corresponding recipe.
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-adding-a-new-recipe-to-the-workspace'>
            <title>Adding a New Recipe to the Workspace Layer</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool add</filename> command to add a new recipe
                to the workspace layer.
                The recipe you add should not exist -
                <filename>devtool</filename> creates it for you.
                The source files the recipe uses should exist in an external
                area.
            </para>

            <para>
                The following example creates and adds a new recipe named
                <filename>jackson</filename> to a workspace layer the tool creates.
                The source code built by the recipes resides in
                <filename>/home/scottrif/sources/jackson</filename>:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool add jackson /home/scottrif/sources/jackson
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                If you add a recipe and the workspace layer does not exist,
                the command creates the layer and populates it as
                described in
                "<link linkend='devtool-the-workspace-layer-structure'>The Workspace Layer Structure</link>"
                section.
            </para>

            <para>
                Running <filename>devtool add</filename> when the
                workspace layer exists causes the tool to add the recipe,
                append files, and source files into the existing workspace layer.
                The <filename>.bbappend</filename> file is created to point
                to the external source tree.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-extracting-the-source-for-an-existing-recipe'>
            <title>Extracting the Source for an Existing Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool extract</filename> command to
                extract the source for an existing recipe.
                When you use this command, you must supply the root name
                of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions), and
                you must supply the directory to which you want the source
                extracted.
            </para>

            <para>
                Additional command options let you control the name of a
                development branch into which you can checkout the source
                and whether or not to keep a temporary directory, which is
                useful for debugging.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-synchronizing-a-recipes-extracted-source-tree'>
            <title>Synchronizing a Recipe's Extracted Source Tree</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool sync</filename> command to
                synchronize a previously extracted source tree for an
                existing recipe.
                When you use this command, you must supply the root name
                of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions), and
                you must supply the directory to which you want the source
                extracted.
            </para>

            <para>
                Additional command options let you control the name of a
                development branch into which you can checkout the source
                and whether or not to keep a temporary directory, which is
                useful for debugging.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-modifying-a-recipe'>
            <title>Modifying an Existing Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool modify</filename> command to begin
                modifying the source of an existing recipe.
                This command is very similar to the
                <link linkend='devtool-adding-a-new-recipe-to-the-workspace'><filename>add</filename></link>
                command except that it does not physically create the
                recipe in the workspace layer because the recipe already
                exists in an another layer.
            </para>

            <para>
                The <filename>devtool modify</filename> command extracts the
                source for a recipe, sets it up as a Git repository if the
                source had not already been fetched from Git, checks out a
                branch for development, and applies any patches from the recipe
                as commits on top.
                You can use the following command to checkout the source
                files:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool modify -x <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>&nbsp;<replaceable>path-to-source</replaceable>
                </literallayout>
                Using the above command form, the default development branch
                would be "devtool".
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-edit-an-existing-recipe'>
            <title>Edit an Existing Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool edit-recipe</filename> command
                to run the default editor, which is identified using the
                <filename>EDITOR</filename> variable, on the specified recipe.
            </para>

            <para>
                When you use the <filename>devtool edit-recipe</filename>
                command, you must supply the root name of the recipe
                (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions).
                Also, the recipe file itself must reside in the workspace
                as a result of the <filename>devtool add</filename> or
                <filename>devtool upgrade</filename> commands.
                However, you can override that requirement by using the
                "-a" or "--any-recipe" option.
                Using either of these options allows you to edit any recipe
                regardless of its location.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-updating-a-recipe'>
            <title>Updating a Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename> command to
                update your recipe with patches that reflect changes you make
                to the source files.
                For example, if you know you are going to work on some
                code, you could first use the
                <link linkend='devtool-modifying-a-recipe'><filename>devtool modify</filename></link>
                command to extract the code and set up the workspace.
                After which, you could modify, compile, and test the code.
            </para>

            <para>
                When you are satisfied with the results and you have committed
                your changes to the Git repository, you can then
                run the <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename> to create the
                patches and update the recipe:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool update-recipe <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                </literallayout>
                If you run the <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename>
                without committing your changes, the command ignores the
                changes.
             </para>

             <para>
                 Often, you might want to apply customizations made to your
                 software in your own layer rather than apply them to the
                 original recipe.
                 If so, you can use the
                 <filename>-a</filename> or <filename>--append</filename>
                 option with the <filename>devtool update-recipe</filename>
                 command.
                 These options allow you to specify the layer into which to
                 write an append file:
                 <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool update-recipe <replaceable>recipe</replaceable> -a <replaceable>base-layer-directory</replaceable>
                 </literallayout>
                 The <filename>*.bbappend</filename> file is created at the
                 appropriate path within the specified layer directory, which
                 may or may not be in your <filename>bblayers.conf</filename>
                 file.
                 If an append file already exists, the command updates it
                 appropriately.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-upgrading-a-recipe'>
            <title>Upgrading a Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool upgrade</filename> command
                to upgrade an existing recipe to a new upstream version.
                The command puts the upgraded recipe file into the
                workspace along with any associated files, and extracts
                the source tree to a specified location should patches
                need rebased or added to as a result of the upgrade.
            </para>

            <para>
                When you use the <filename>devtool upgrade</filename> command,
                you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version,
                paths, or extensions), and you must supply the directory
                to which you want the source extracted.
                Additional command options let you control things such as
                the version number to which you want to upgrade (i.e. the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>),
                the source revision to which you want to upgrade (i.e. the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRCREV'><filename>SRCREV</filename></ulink>,
                whether or not to apply patches, and so forth.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-resetting-a-recipe'>
            <title>Resetting a Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool reset</filename> command to remove a
                recipe and its configuration (e.g. the corresponding
                <filename>.bbappend</filename> file) from the workspace layer.
                Realize that this command deletes the recipe and the
                append file.
                The command does not physically move them for you.
                Consequently, you must be sure to physically relocate your
                updated recipe and the append file outside of the workspace
                layer before running the <filename>devtool reset</filename>
                command.
            </para>

            <para>
                If the <filename>devtool reset</filename> command detects that
                the recipe or the append files have been modified, the
                command preserves the modified files in a separate "attic"
                subdirectory under the workspace layer.
            </para>

            <para>
                Here is an example that resets the workspace directory that
                contains the <filename>mtr</filename> recipe:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool reset mtr
     NOTE: Cleaning sysroot for recipe mtr...
     NOTE: Leaving source tree /home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/sources/mtr as-is; if you no
        longer need it then please delete it manually
     $
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-building-your-recipe'>
            <title>Building Your Recipe</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool build</filename> command to cause the
                OpenEmbedded build system to build your recipe.
                The <filename>devtool build</filename> command is equivalent to
                <filename>bitbake -c populate_sysroot</filename>.
            </para>

            <para>
                When you use the <filename>devtool build</filename> command,
                you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version,
                paths, or extensions).
                You can use either the "-s" or the "--disable-parallel-make"
                option to disable parallel makes during the build.
                Here is an example:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool build <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-building-your-image'>
            <title>Building Your Image</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool build-image</filename> command
                to build an image, extending it to include packages from
                recipes in the workspace.
                Using this command is useful when you want an image that
                ready for immediate deployment onto a device for testing.
                For proper integration into a final image, you need to
                edit your custom image recipe appropriately.
            </para>

            <para>
                When you use the <filename>devtool build-image</filename>
                command, you must supply the name of the image.
                This command has no command line options:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool build-image <replaceable>image</replaceable>
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-deploying-your-software-on-the-target-machine'>
            <title>Deploying Your Software on the Target Machine</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool deploy-target</filename> command to
                deploy the recipe's build output to the live target machine:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool deploy-target <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>&nbsp;<replaceable>target</replaceable>
                </literallayout>
                The <replaceable>target</replaceable> is the address of the
                target machine, which must be running an SSH server (i.e.
                <filename>user@hostname[:destdir]</filename>).
            </para>

            <para>
                This command deploys all files installed during the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-install'><filename>do_install</filename></ulink>
                task.
                Furthermore, you do not need to have package management enabled
                within the target machine.
                If you do, the package manager is bypassed.
                <note><title>Notes</title>
                    <para>
                        The <filename>deploy-target</filename>
                        functionality is for development only.
                        You should never use it to update an image that will be
                        used in production.
                    </para>
                </note>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-removing-your-software-from-the-target-machine'>
            <title>Removing Your Software from the Target Machine</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool undeploy-target</filename> command to
                remove deployed build output from the target machine.
                For the <filename>devtool undeploy-target</filename> command to
                work, you must have previously used the
                <link linkend='devtool-deploying-your-software-on-the-target-machine'><filename>devtool deploy-target</filename></link>
                command.
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool undeploy-target <replaceable>recipe</replaceable>&nbsp;<replaceable>target</replaceable>
                </literallayout>
                The <replaceable>target</replaceable> is the address of the
                target machine, which must be running an SSH server (i.e.
                <filename>user@hostname</filename>).
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-creating-the-workspace'>
            <title>Creating the Workspace Layer in an Alternative Location</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool create-workspace</filename> command to
                create a new workspace layer in your
                <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>.
                When you create a new workspace layer, it is populated with the
                <filename>README</filename> file and the
                <filename>conf</filename> directory only.
            </para>

            <para>
                The following example creates a new workspace layer in your
                current working and by default names the workspace layer
                "workspace":
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool create-workspace
                </literallayout>
            </para>

            <para>
                You can create a workspace layer anywhere by supplying
                a pathname with the command.
                The following command creates a new workspace layer named
                "new-workspace":
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool create-workspace /home/scottrif/new-workspace
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-get-the-status-of-the-recipes-in-your-workspace'>
            <title>Get the Status of the Recipes in Your Workspace</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool status</filename> command to
                list the recipes currently in your workspace.
                Information includes the paths to their respective
                external source trees.
            </para>

            <para>
                The <filename>devtool status</filename> command has no
                command-line options:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     devtool status
                </literallayout>
                Following is sample output after using
                <link linkend='devtool-adding-a-new-recipe-to-the-workspace'><filename>devtool add</filename></link>
                to create and add the <filename>mtr_0.86.bb</filename> recipe
                to the <filename>workspace</filename> directory:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ devtool status
     mtr: /home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/sources/mtr (/home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/recipes/mtr/mtr_0.86.bb)
     $
                </literallayout>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='devtool-search-for-available-target-recipes'>
            <title>Search for Available Target Recipes</title>

            <para>
                Use the <filename>devtool search</filename> command to
                search for available target recipes.
                The command matches the recipe name, package name,
                description, and installed files.
                The command displays the recipe name as a result of a
                match.
            </para>

            <para>
                When you use the <filename>devtool search</filename> command,
                you must supply a <replaceable>keyword</replaceable>.
                The command uses the <replaceable>keyword</replaceable> when
                searching for a match.
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id="using-a-quilt-workflow">
        <title>Using Quilt in Your Workflow</title>

        <para>
            <ulink url='http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'>Quilt</ulink>
            is a powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes
            without having a clean source tree.
            This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify
            source code, test changes, and then preserve the changes in the
            form of a patch all using Quilt.
            <note><title>Tip</title>
                With regard to preserving changes to source files if you
                clean a recipe or have <filename>rm_work</filename> enabled,
                the workflow described in the
                "<link linkend='using-devtool-in-your-workflow'>Using <filename>devtool</filename> in Your Workflow</link>"
                section is a safer development flow than than the flow that
                uses Quilt.
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            Follow these general steps:
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Find the Source Code:</emphasis>
                    Temporary source code used by the OpenEmbedded build system
                    is kept in the
                    <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>Finding Temporary Source Code</link>"
                    section to learn how to locate the directory that has the
                    temporary source code for a particular package.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Change Your Working Directory:</emphasis>
                    You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code.
                    That directory is defined by the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
                    variable.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Create a New Patch:</emphasis>
                    Before modifying source code, you need to create a new patch.
                    To create a new patch file, use <filename>quilt new</filename> as below:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt new my_changes.patch
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Notify Quilt and Add Files:</emphasis>
                    After creating the patch, you need to notify Quilt about the files
                    you plan to edit.
                    You notify Quilt by adding the files to the patch you just created:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt add file1.c file2.c file3.c
                    </literallayout>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Files:</emphasis>
                    Make your changes in the source code to the files you added
                    to the patch.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Test Your Changes:</emphasis>
                    Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to
                    your changes is by calling the
                    <filename>do_compile</filename> task as shown in the
                    following example:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -c compile -f <replaceable>package</replaceable>
                    </literallayout>
                    The <filename>-f</filename> or <filename>--force</filename>
                    option forces the specified task to execute.
                    If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and
                    re-testing iteratively until things work as expected.
                    <note>All the modifications you make to the temporary source code
                    disappear once you run the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-clean'><filename>do_clean</filename></ulink>
                    or
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-tasks-cleanall'><filename>do_cleanall</filename></ulink>
                    tasks using BitBake (i.e.
                    <filename>bitbake -c clean <replaceable>package</replaceable></filename>
                    and
                    <filename>bitbake -c cleanall <replaceable>package</replaceable></filename>).
                    Modifications will also disappear if you use the <filename>rm_work</filename>
                    feature as described in the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#qs-building-images'>Building Images</ulink>"
                    section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                    </note></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the Patch:</emphasis>
                    Once your changes work as expected, you need to use Quilt to generate the final patch that
                    contains all your modifications.
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt refresh
                    </literallayout>
                    At this point, the <filename>my_changes.patch</filename> file has all your edits made
                    to the <filename>file1.c</filename>, <filename>file2.c</filename>, and
                    <filename>file3.c</filename> files.</para>
                    <para>You can find the resulting patch file in the <filename>patches/</filename>
                    subdirectory of the source (<filename>S</filename>) directory.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Copy the Patch File:</emphasis>
                    For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named <filename>files</filename>,
                    which you can create in the same directory that holds the recipe
                    (<filename>.bb</filename>) file or the
                    append (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) file.
                    Placing the patch here guarantees that the OpenEmbedded build system will find
                    the patch.
                    Next, add the patch into the
                    <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename>
                    of the recipe.
                    Here is an example:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SRC_URI += "file://my_changes.patch"
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>
        <title>Finding Temporary Source Code</title>

        <para>
            You might find it helpful during development to modify the
            temporary source code used by recipes to build packages.
            For example, suppose you are developing a patch and you need to
            experiment a bit to figure out your solution.
            After you have initially built the package, you can iteratively
            tweak the source code, which is located in the
            <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>, and then
            you can force a re-compile and quickly test your altered code.
            Once you settle on a solution, you can then preserve your changes
            in the form of patches.
            If you are using Quilt for development, see the
            "<link linkend='using-a-quilt-workflow'>Using Quilt in Your Workflow</link>"
            section for more information.
        </para>

        <para>
            During a build, the unpacked temporary source code used by recipes
            to build packages is available in the Build Directory as
            defined by the
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink></filename> variable.
            Below is the default value for the <filename>S</filename> variable as defined in the
            <filename>meta/conf/bitbake.conf</filename> configuration file in the
            <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     S = "${WORKDIR}/${BP}"
            </literallayout>
            You should be aware that many recipes override the <filename>S</filename> variable.
            For example, recipes that fetch their source from Git usually set
            <filename>S</filename> to <filename>${WORKDIR}/git</filename>.
            <note>
                The
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BP'><filename>BP</filename></ulink>
                represents the base recipe name, which consists of the name and version:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BP = "${BPN}-${PV}"
                </literallayout>
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            The path to the work directory for the recipe
            (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>)
            is defined as follows:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ${TMPDIR}/work/${MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS}/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR}
            </literallayout>
            The actual directory depends on several things:
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>:
                    The top-level build output directory</listitem>
                <listitem><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS'><filename>MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS</filename></ulink>:
                    The target system identifier</listitem>
                <listitem><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></ulink>:
                    The recipe name</listitem>
                <listitem><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-EXTENDPE'><filename>EXTENDPE</filename></ulink>:
                    The epoch - (if
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PE'><filename>PE</filename></ulink>
                    is not specified, which is usually the case for most
                    recipes, then <filename>EXTENDPE</filename> is blank)</listitem>
                <listitem><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>:
                    The recipe version</listitem>
                <listitem><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>:
                    The recipe revision</listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            As an example, assume a Source Directory top-level folder
            named <filename>poky</filename>, a default Build Directory at
            <filename>poky/build</filename>, and a
            <filename>qemux86-poky-linux</filename> machine target
            system.
            Furthermore, suppose your recipe is named
            <filename>foo_1.3.0.bb</filename>.
            In this case, the work directory the build system uses to
            build the package would be as follows:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/foo/1.3.0-r0
            </literallayout>
        </para>

        <para>
            Now that you know where to locate the directory that has the
            temporary source code, you can use a Quilt as described in section
            "<link linkend='using-a-quilt-workflow'>Using Quilt in Your Workflow</link>"
            to make your edits, test the changes, and preserve the changes in
            the form of patches.
        </para>
    </section>
</section>

<section id='image-development-using-toaster'>
    <title>Image Development Using Toaster</title>

    <para>
        Toaster is a web interface to the Yocto Project's OpenEmbedded build
        system.
        You can initiate builds using Toaster as well as examine the results
        and statistics of builds.
        See the
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_TOAST_URL;#toaster-manual-intro'>Toaster User Manual</ulink>
        for information on how to set up and use Toaster to build images.
    </para>
</section>

<section id='image-development-using-hob'>
    <title>Image Development Using Hob</title>

    <para>
        The <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'>Hob</ulink> is a graphical user interface for the
        OpenEmbedded build system, which is based on BitBake.
        You can use the Hob to build custom operating system images within the Yocto Project build environment.
        Hob simply provides a friendly interface over the build system used during development.
        In other words, building images with the Hob lets you take care of common build tasks more easily.
    </para>

    <para>
        For a better understanding of Hob, see the project page at
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'></ulink>
        on the Yocto Project website.
        If you follow the "Documentation" link from the Hob page, you will
        find a short introductory training video on Hob.
        The following lists some features of Hob:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>You can setup and run Hob using these commands:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ source oe-init-build-env
     $ hob
            </literallayout></para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can set the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>
                for which you are building the image.</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can modify various policy settings such as the
                package format with which to build,
                the parallelism BitBake uses, whether or not to build an
                external toolchain, and which host to build against.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can manage
                <link linkend='understanding-and-creating-layers'>layers</link>.</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can select a base image and then add extra packages for your custom build.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can launch and monitor the build from within Hob.</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>
</section>

<section id="platdev-appdev-devshell">
    <title>Using a Development Shell</title>

    <para>
        When debugging certain commands or even when just editing packages,
        <filename>devshell</filename> can be a useful tool.
        When you invoke <filename>devshell</filename>, source files are
        extracted into your working directory and patches are applied.
        Then, a new terminal is opened and you are placed in the working directory.
        In the new terminal, all the OpenEmbedded build-related environment variables are
        still defined so you can use commands such as <filename>configure</filename> and
        <filename>make</filename>.
        The commands execute just as if the OpenEmbedded build system were executing them.
        Consequently, working this way can be helpful when debugging a build or preparing
        software to be used with the OpenEmbedded build system.
    </para>

    <para>
        Following is an example that uses <filename>devshell</filename> on a target named
        <filename>matchbox-desktop</filename>:
        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c devshell
        </literallayout>
    </para>

    <para>
        This command spawns a terminal with a shell prompt within the OpenEmbedded build environment.
        The <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-OE_TERMINAL'><filename>OE_TERMINAL</filename></ulink>
        variable controls what type of shell is opened.
    </para>

    <para>
        For spawned terminals, the following occurs:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>The <filename>PATH</filename> variable includes the
                cross-toolchain.</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>The <filename>pkgconfig</filename> variables find the correct
                <filename>.pc</filename> files.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>The <filename>configure</filename> command finds the
                Yocto Project site files as well as any other necessary files.</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
        Within this environment, you can run configure or compile
        commands as if they were being run by
        the OpenEmbedded build system itself.
        As noted earlier, the working directory also automatically changes to the
        Source Directory (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>).
    </para>

    <para>
        To manually run a specific task using <filename>devshell</filename>,
        run the corresponding <filename>run.*</filename> script in
        the
        <filename>${</filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink><filename>}/temp</filename>
        (e.g., <filename>run.do_configure.</filename><replaceable>pid</replaceable>).
        If a task's script does not exist, which would be the case if the task was
        skipped by way of the sstate cache, you can create the task by first running
        it outside of the <filename>devshell</filename>:
        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -c <replaceable>task</replaceable>
        </literallayout>
        <note><title>Notes</title>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem><para>Execution of a task's <filename>run.*</filename>
                    script and BitBake's execution of a task are identical.
                    In other words, running the script re-runs the task
                    just as it would be run using the
                    <filename>bitbake -c</filename> command.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>Any <filename>run.*</filename> file that doe not
                    have a <filename>.pid</filename> extension is a
                    symbolic link (symlink) to the most recent version of that
                    file.
                    </para></listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </note>
    </para>

    <para>
        Remember, that the <filename>devshell</filename> is a mechanism that allows
        you to get into the BitBake task execution environment.
        And as such, all commands must be called just as BitBake would call them.
        That means you need to provide the appropriate options for
        cross-compilation and so forth as applicable.
    </para>

    <para>
        When you are finished using <filename>devshell</filename>, exit the shell
        or close the terminal window.
    </para>

    <note><title>Notes</title>
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
                It is worth remembering that when using <filename>devshell</filename>
                you need to use the full compiler name such as <filename>arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gcc</filename>
                instead of just using <filename>gcc</filename>.
                The same applies to other applications such as <filename>binutils</filename>,
                <filename>libtool</filename> and so forth.
                BitBake sets up environment variables such as <filename>CC</filename>
                to assist applications, such as <filename>make</filename> to find the correct tools.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
                It is also worth noting that <filename>devshell</filename> still works over
                X11 forwarding and similar situations.
                </para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </note>
</section>

</chapter>