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<chapter id='dev-manual-model'>

<title>Common Development Models</title>

<para>
    Many development models exist for which you can use the Yocto Project.
    This chapter overviews simple methods that use tools provided by the
    Yocto Project:
    <itemizedlist>
        <listitem><para><emphasis>System Development:</emphasis>
             System Development covers Board Support Package (BSP) development and kernel
             modification or configuration.
             For an example on how to create a BSP, see the
             "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
             section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.
             For more complete information on how to work with the kernel, see the
             <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel
             Development Manual</ulink>.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>User Application Development:</emphasis>
             User Application Development covers development of applications that you intend
             to run on target hardware.
             For information on how to set up your host development system for user-space
             application development, see the
             <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;'>Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide</ulink>.
             For a simple example of user-space application development using the
             <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark> IDE, see the
             "<link linkend='application-development-workflow'>Application
             Development Workflow</link>" section.
             </para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Temporary Source Code Modification:</emphasis>
             Direct modification of temporary source code is a convenient development model
             to quickly iterate and develop towards a solution.
             Once you implement the solution, you should of course take steps to
             get the changes upstream and applied in the affected recipes.</para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Image Development using Hob:</emphasis>
             You can use the <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'>Hob</ulink> to build
             custom operating system images within the build environment.
             Hob provides an efficient interface to the OpenEmbedded build system.</para></listitem>
         <listitem><para><emphasis>Using a Development Shell:</emphasis>
             You can use a <filename>devshell</filename> to efficiently debug commands or simply
             edit packages.
             Working inside a development shell is a quick way to set up the OpenEmbedded build
             environment to work on parts of a project.</para></listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
</para>

<section id='system-development-model'>
    <title>System Development Workflow</title>

    <para>
        System development involves modification or creation of an image that you want to run on
        a specific hardware target.
        Usually, when you want to create an image that runs on embedded hardware, the image does
        not require the same number of features that a full-fledged Linux distribution provides.
        Thus, you can create a much smaller image that is designed to use only the
        features for your particular hardware.
    </para>

    <para>
        To help you understand how system development works in the Yocto Project, this section
        covers two types of image development:  BSP creation and kernel modification or
        configuration.
    </para>

    <section id='developing-a-board-support-package-bsp'>
        <title>Developing a Board Support Package (BSP)</title>

        <para>
            A BSP is a package of recipes that, when applied during a build, results in
            an image that you can run on a particular board.
            Thus, the package when compiled into the new image, supports the operation of the board.
        </para>

        <note>
            For a brief list of terms used when describing the development process in the Yocto Project,
            see the "<link linkend='yocto-project-terms'>Yocto Project Terms</link>" section.
        </note>

        <para>
            The remainder of this section presents the basic
            steps used to create a BSP using the Yocto Project's
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#using-the-yocto-projects-bsp-tools'>BSP Tools</ulink>.
            Although not required for BSP creation, the
            <filename>meta-intel</filename> repository, which contains
            many BSPs supported by the Yocto Project, is part of the example.
        </para>

        <para>
            For an example that shows how to create a new layer using the tools, see the
            "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
             section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.
        </para>

        <para>
            The following illustration and list summarize the BSP creation general workflow.
        </para>

        <para>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/bsp-dev-flow.png" width="6in" depth="7in" align="center" scalefit="1" />
        </para>

        <para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Set up your host development system to support
                    development using the Yocto Project</emphasis>:  See the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#the-linux-distro'>The Linux Distribution</ulink>"
                    and the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#packages'>The Packages</ulink>" sections both
                    in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish a local copy of the project files on your
                    system</emphasis>:  You need this <link linkend='source-directory'>Source
                    Directory</link> available on your host system.
                    Having these files on your system gives you access to the build
                    process and to the tools you need.
                    For information on how to set up the Source Directory,
                    see the
                    "<link linkend='getting-setup'>Getting Set Up</link>" section.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish the <filename>meta-intel</filename>
                    repository on your system</emphasis>:  Having local copies
                    of these supported BSP layers on your system gives you
                    access to layers you might be able to build on or modify
                    to create your BSP.
                    For information on how to get these files, see the
                    "<link linkend='getting-setup'>Getting Set Up</link>" section.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Create your own BSP layer using the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'><filename>yocto-bsp</filename></ulink> script</emphasis>:
                    Layers are ideal for
                    isolating and storing work for a given piece of hardware.
                    A layer is really just a location or area in which you place 
                    the recipes and configurations for your BSP.
                    In fact, a BSP is, in itself, a special type of layer.
                    The simplest way to create a new BSP layer that is compliant with the
                    Yocto Project is to use the <filename>yocto-bsp</filename> script.
                    For information about that script, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#creating-a-new-bsp-layer-using-the-yocto-bsp-script'>Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Board Support (BSP) Developer's Guide.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    Another example that illustrates a layer is an application.
                    Suppose you are creating an application that has library or other dependencies in
                    order for it to compile and run.
                    The layer, in this case, would be where all the recipes that define those dependencies
                    are kept.
                    The key point for a layer is that it is an isolated area that contains
                    all the relevant information for the project that the OpenEmbedded build
                    system knows about.
                    For more information on layers, see the
                    "<link linkend='understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</link>"
                    section.
                    For more information on BSP layers, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</ulink>" section in the
                    Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.</para>
                    <note>Four BSPs exist that are part of the
                    Yocto Project release: <filename>atom-pc</filename>, <filename>beagleboard</filename>,
                    <filename>mpc8315e</filename>, and <filename>routerstationpro</filename>.
                    The recipes and configurations for these four BSPs are located and dispersed
                    within the <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>.
                    On the other hand, BSP layers for Cedar Trail, Chief River, Crown Bay,
                    Crystal Forest, Emenlow, Fish River Island, Fish River Island 2, Jasper Forest, N450,
                    Romley, sys940x, Sugar Bay, and tlk exist in their own separate layers
                    within the larger <filename>meta-intel</filename> layer.</note>
                    <para>When you set up a layer for a new BSP, you should follow a standard layout.
                    This layout is described in the 
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-filelayout'>Example Filesystem Layout</ulink>"
                    section of the Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide.
                    In the standard layout, you will notice a suggested structure for recipes and
                    configuration information.
                    You can see the standard layout for a BSP by examining
                    any supported BSP found in the <filename>meta-intel</filename> layer inside
                    the Source Directory.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Make configuration changes to your new BSP
                    layer</emphasis>:  The standard BSP layer structure organizes the files you need
                    to edit in <filename>conf</filename> and several <filename>recipes-*</filename>
                    directories within the BSP layer.
                    Configuration changes identify where your new layer is on the local system
                    and identify which kernel you are going to use.
                    When you run the <filename>yocto-bsp</filename> script, you are able to interactively
                    configure many things for the BSP (e.g. keyboard, touchscreen, and so forth).
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Make recipe changes to your new BSP layer</emphasis>:  Recipe
                    changes include altering recipes (<filename>.bb</filename> files), removing
                    recipes you don't use, and adding new recipes or append files
                    (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) that you need to support your hardware.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Prepare for the build</emphasis>:  Once you have made all the
                    changes to your BSP layer, there remains a few things
                    you need to do for the OpenEmbedded build system in order for it to create your image.
                    You need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script
                    and you need to be sure two key configuration files are configured appropriately:
                    the <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> and the
                    <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file.
                    You must make the OpenEmbedded build system aware of your new layer.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='enabling-your-layer'>Enabling Your Layer</link>" section
                    for information on how to let the build system know about your new layer.</para>
                    <para>The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the section
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>" section
                    of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                    You might want to reference this information.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Build the image</emphasis>:  The OpenEmbedded build system
                    uses the BitBake tool to build images based on the type of image you want to create.
                    You can find more information about BitBake in the user manual, which is found in the
                    <filename>bitbake/doc/manual</filename> directory of the
                    <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>.</para>
                    <para>The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs.
                    See the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>" chapter
                    in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on
                    supported images.</para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>

        <para>
            You can view a video presentation on "Building Custom Embedded Images with Yocto"
            at <ulink url='http://free-electrons.com/blog/elc-2011-videos'>Free Electrons</ulink>.
            You can also find supplemental information in
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>
            The Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide</ulink>.
            Finally, there is wiki page write up of the example also located
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Transcript:_creating_one_generic_Atom_BSP_from_another'>
            here</ulink> that you might find helpful.
       </para>
    </section>

    <section id='modifying-the-kernel'>
        <title><anchor id='kernel-spot' />Modifying the Kernel</title>

        <para>
            Kernel modification involves changing the Yocto Project kernel, which could involve changing
            configuration options as well as adding new kernel recipes.
            Configuration changes can be added in the form of configuration fragments, while recipe
            modification comes through the kernel's <filename>recipes-kernel</filename> area
            in a kernel layer you create.
        </para>

        <para>
            The remainder of this section presents a high-level overview of the Yocto Project
            kernel architecture and the steps to modify the kernel.
            You can reference the
            "<link linkend='patching-the-kernel'>Patching the Kernel</link>" section
            for an example that changes the source code of the kernel.
            For information on how to configure the kernel, see the
            "<link linkend='configuring-the-kernel'>Configuring the Kernel</link>" section.
            For more information on the kernel and on modifying the kernel, see the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual</ulink>.
        </para>

        <section id='kernel-overview'>
            <title>Kernel Overview</title>

            <para>
                Traditionally, when one thinks of a patched kernel, they think of a base kernel
                source tree and a fixed structure that contains kernel patches.
                The Yocto Project, however, employs mechanisms that, in a sense, result in a kernel source
                generator.
                By the end of this section, this analogy will become clearer.
            </para>

            <para>
                You can find a web interface to the Yocto Project kernel source repositories at
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;'></ulink>.
                If you look at the interface, you will see to the left a grouping of
                Git repositories titled "Yocto Linux Kernel."
                Within this group, you will find several kernels supported by
                the Yocto Project:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>linux-yocto-3.2</filename></emphasis> - The
                    stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.2. This kernel
                    is based on the Linux 3.2 released kernel.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>linux-yocto-3.4</filename></emphasis> - The
                    stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.3. This kernel
                    is based on the Linux 3.4 released kernel.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>linux-yocto-3.4</filename></emphasis> - The
                    stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.4. This kernel
                    is based on the Linux 3.8 released kernel.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>linux-yocto-dev</filename></emphasis> - A development
                    kernel based on the latest upstream release candidate available.</para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>

            <para>
                The kernels are maintained using the Git revision control system
                that structures them using the familiar "tree", "branch", and "leaf" scheme.
                Branches represent diversions from general code to more specific code, while leaves
                represent the end-points for a complete and unique kernel whose source files,
                when gathered from the root of the tree to the leaf, accumulate to create the files
                necessary for a specific piece of hardware and its features.
                The following figure displays this concept:
            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-overview-1.png"
                    width="6in" depth="6in" align="center" scale="100" />
            </para>

            <para>
                Within the figure, the "Kernel.org Branch Point" represents the point in the tree
                where a supported base kernel is modified from the Linux kernel.
                For example, this could be the branch point for the <filename>linux-yocto-3.4</filename>
                kernel.
                Thus, everything further to the right in the structure is based on the
                <filename>linux-yocto-3.4</filename> kernel.
                Branch points to right in the figure represent where the
                <filename>linux-yocto-3.4</filename> kernel is modified for specific hardware
                or types of kernels, such as real-time kernels.
                Each leaf thus represents the end-point for a kernel designed to run on a specific
                targeted device.
            </para>

            <para>
                The overall result is a Git-maintained repository from which all the supported
                kernel types can be derived for all the supported devices.
                A big advantage to this scheme is the sharing of common features by keeping them in
                "larger" branches within the tree.
                This practice eliminates redundant storage of similar features shared among kernels.
            </para>

            <note>
                Keep in mind the figure does not take into account all the supported Yocto
                Project kernel types, but rather shows a single generic kernel just for conceptual purposes.
                Also keep in mind that this structure represents the Yocto Project source repositories
                that are either pulled from during the build or established on the host development system
                prior to the build by either cloning a particular kernel's Git repository or by
                downloading and unpacking a tarball.
            </note>

            <para>
                Upstream storage of all the available kernel source code is one thing, while
                representing and using the code on your host development system is another.
                Conceptually, you can think of the kernel source repositories as all the
                source files necessary for all the supported kernels.
                As a developer, you are just interested in the source files for the kernel on
                which you are working.
                And, furthermore, you need them available on your host system.
            </para>

            <para>
                Kernel source code is available on your host system a couple of different
                ways.
                If you are working in the kernel all the time, you probably would want
                to set up your own local Git repository of the kernel tree.
                If you just need to make some patches to the kernel, you can access
                temporary kernel source files that were extracted and used 
                during a build.
                We will just talk about working with the temporary source code.
                For more information on how to get kernel source code onto your 
                host system, see the
                "<link linkend='local-kernel-files'>Yocto Project Kernel</link>"
                bulleted item earlier in the manual.
            </para>

            <para>
                What happens during the build?
                When you build the kernel on your development system, all files needed for the build
                are taken from the source repositories pointed to by the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></ulink> variable
                and gathered in a temporary work area
                where they are subsequently used to create the unique kernel.
                Thus, in a sense, the process constructs a local source tree specific to your
                kernel to generate the new kernel image - a source generator if you will.
            </para>
                The following figure shows the temporary file structure
                created on your host system when the build occurs.
                This
                <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link> contains all the
                source files used during the build.
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png"
                    width="6in" depth="5in" align="center" scale="100" />
            </para>

            <para>
                Again, for additional information the Yocto Project kernel's
                architecture and its branching strategy, see the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_KERNEL_DEV_URL;'>Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual</ulink>.
                You can also reference the
                "<link linkend='patching-the-kernel'>Patching the Kernel</link>"
                section for a detailed example that modifies the kernel.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='kernel-modification-workflow'>
            <title>Kernel Modification Workflow</title>

            <para>
                This illustration and the following list summarizes the kernel modification general workflow.
            </para>

            <para>
                <imagedata fileref="figures/kernel-dev-flow.png"
                    width="6in" depth="5in" align="center" scalefit="1" />
            </para>

            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Set up your host development system to support
                        development using the Yocto Project</emphasis>:  See
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#the-linux-distro'>The Linux Distribution</ulink>" and
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#packages'>The Packages</ulink>" sections both
                        in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish a local copy of project files on your
                        system</emphasis>:  Having the <link linkend='source-directory'>Source
                        Directory</link> on your system gives you access to the build process and tools
                        you need.
                        For information on how to get these files, see the bulleted item
                        "<link linkend='local-yp-release'>Yocto Project Release</link>" earlier in this manual.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Establish the temporary kernel source files</emphasis>:
                        Temporary kernel source files are kept in the 
                        <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>
                        created by the
                        OpenEmbedded build system when you run BitBake.
                        If you have never built the kernel you are interested in, you need to run
                        an initial build to establish local kernel source files.</para>
                        <para>If you are building an image for the first time, you need to get the build
                        environment ready by sourcing
                        the environment setup script.
                        You also need to be sure two key configuration files
                        (<filename>local.conf</filename> and <filename>bblayers.conf</filename>)
                        are configured appropriately.</para>
                        <para>The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>"
                        section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                        You might want to reference this information.
                        You can find more information on BitBake in the user manual, which is found in the
                        <filename>bitbake/doc/manual</filename> directory of the
                        Source Directory.</para>
                        <para>The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs.
                        See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>" chapter in
                        the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Make changes to the kernel source code if
                        applicable</emphasis>:  Modifying the kernel does not always mean directly
                        changing source files.
                        However, if you have to do this, you make the changes to the files in the
                        Build directory.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Make kernel configuration changes
                        if applicable</emphasis>:
                        If your situation calls for changing the kernel's configuration, you can
                        use the <filename>yocto-kernel</filename> script or <filename>menuconfig</filename>
                        to enable and disable kernel configurations.
                        Using the script lets you interactively set up kernel configurations.
                        Using <filename>menuconfig</filename> allows you to interactively develop and test the
                        configuration changes you are making to the kernel.
                        When saved, changes using <filename>menuconfig</filename> update the kernel's
                        <filename>.config</filename> file.
                        Try to resist the temptation of directly editing the <filename>.config</filename>
                        file found in the Build Directory at
                        <filename>tmp/sysroots/&lt;machine-name&gt;/kernel</filename>.
                        Doing so, can produce unexpected results when the OpenEmbedded build system
                        regenerates the configuration file.</para>
                        <para>Once you are satisfied with the configuration changes made using
                        <filename>menuconfig</filename>, you can directly compare the
                        <filename>.config</filename> file against a saved original and gather those
                        changes into a config fragment to be referenced from within the kernel's
                        <filename>.bbappend</filename> file.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis>Rebuild the kernel image with your changes</emphasis>:
                        Rebuilding the kernel image applies your changes.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>
</section>

<section id='application-development-workflow'>
    <title>Application Development Workflow</title>

    <para>
        Application development involves creating an application that you want
        to run on your target hardware, which is running a kernel image created using the
        OpenEmbedded build system.
        The Yocto Project provides an 
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#adt-intro-section'>Application Development Toolkit (ADT)</ulink>
        and stand-alone
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#the-cross-development-toolchain'>cross-development toolchains</ulink>
        that facilitate quick development and integration of your application into its runtime environment.
        Using the ADT and toolchains, you can compile and link your application.
        You can then deploy your application to the actual hardware or to the QEMU emulator for testing.
        If you are familiar with the popular <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark> IDE,
        you can use an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to
        allow you to develop, deploy, and test your application all from within Eclipse.
    </para>

    <para>
        While we strongly suggest using the ADT to develop your application, this option might not
        be best for you.
        If this is the case, you can still use pieces of the Yocto Project for your development process.
        However, because the process can vary greatly, this manual does not provide detail on the process.
    </para>

    <section id='workflow-using-the-adt-and-eclipse'>
        <title>Workflow Using the ADT and <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark></title>

        <para>
            To help you understand how application development works using the ADT, this section
            provides an overview of the general development process and a detailed example of the process
            as it is used from within the Eclipse IDE.
        </para>

        <para>
            The following illustration and list summarize the application development general workflow.
        </para>

        <para>
            <imagedata fileref="figures/app-dev-flow.png"
                width="7in" depth="8in" align="center" scale="100" />
        </para>

        <para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Prepare the host system for the Yocto Project</emphasis>:
                    See
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#the-linux-distro'>The Linux Distribution</ulink>" and
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#packages'>The Packages</ulink>" sections both
                    in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Secure the Yocto Project kernel target image</emphasis>:
                    You must have a target kernel image that has been built using the OpenEmbedded
                    build system.</para>
                    <para>Depending on whether the Yocto Project has a pre-built image that matches your target
                    architecture and where you are going to run the image while you develop your application
                    (QEMU or real hardware), the area from which you get the image differs.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Download the image from
                                <ulink url='&YOCTO_MACHINES_DL_URL;'><filename>machines</filename></ulink>
                                if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop
                                and test your application on actual hardware.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Download the image from
                                <ulink url='&YOCTO_QEMU_DL_URL;'>
                                <filename>machines/qemu</filename></ulink> if your target architecture is supported
                                and you are going to develop and test your application using the QEMU
                                emulator.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Build your image if you cannot find a pre-built image that matches
                                your target architecture.
                                If your target architecture is similar to a supported architecture, you can
                                modify the kernel image before you build it.
                                See the
                                "<link linkend='patching-the-kernel'>Patching the Kernel</link>"
                                section for an example.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist></para>
                    <para>For information on pre-built kernel image naming schemes for images
                    that can run on the QEMU emulator, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#downloading-the-pre-built-linux-kernel'>Downloading the Pre-Built Linux Kernel</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Quick Start.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Install the ADT</emphasis>:
                    The ADT provides a target-specific cross-development toolchain, the root filesystem,
                    the QEMU emulator, and other tools that can help you develop your application.
                    While it is possible to get these pieces separately, the ADT Installer provides an
                    easy, inclusive method.
                    You can get these pieces by running an ADT installer script, which is configurable.
                    For information on how to install the ADT, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-the-adt-installer'>Using the ADT Installer</ulink>"
                    section
                    in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>If applicable, secure the target root filesystem
                    and the Cross-development toolchain</emphasis>:
                    If you choose not to install the ADT using the ADT Installer,
                    you need to find and download the appropriate root filesystem and
                    the cross-development toolchain.</para>
                    <para>You can find the tarballs for the root filesystem in the same area used
                    for the kernel image.
                    Depending on the type of image you are running, the root filesystem you need differs.
                    For example, if you are developing an application that runs on an image that
                    supports Sato, you need to get a root filesystem that supports Sato.</para>
                    <para>You can find the cross-development toolchains at
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_TOOLCHAIN_DL_URL;'><filename>toolchains</filename></ulink>.
                    Be sure to get the correct toolchain for your development host and your
                    target architecture.
                    See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information
                    and the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#installing-the-toolchain'>Installing the Toolchain</ulink>"
                    in the Yocto Project Quick Start for information on finding and installing
                    the correct toolchain based on your host development system and your target
                    architecture.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Create and build your application</emphasis>:
                    At this point, you need to have source files for your application.
                    Once you have the files, you can use the Eclipse IDE to import them and build the
                    project.
                    If you are not using Eclipse, you need to use the cross-development tools you have
                    installed to create the image.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Deploy the image with the application</emphasis>:
                    If you are using the Eclipse IDE, you can deploy your image to the hardware or to
                    QEMU through the project's preferences.
                    If you are not using the Eclipse IDE, then you need to deploy the application
                    to the hardware using other methods.
                    Or, if you are using QEMU, you need to use that tool and load your image in for testing.
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Test and debug the application</emphasis>:
                    Once your application is deployed, you need to test it.
                    Within the Eclipse IDE, you can use the debugging environment along with the
                    set of user-space tools installed along with the ADT to debug your application.
                    Of course, the same user-space tools are available separately if you choose
                    not to use the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
           </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id='adt-eclipse'>
        <title>Working Within Eclipse</title>

        <para>
            The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully supports
            development using the Yocto Project.
            <note>This release of the Yocto Project supports both the Juno and Indigo versions
                of the Eclipse IDE.
                Thus, the following information provides setup information for both versions.
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in into
            the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience.
            Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment that
            has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily develop software.
            These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and execution of
            your output into a QEMU emulation session as well as actual target
            hardware.
            You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling.
            The environment also supports a suite of tools that allows you to perform
            remote profiling, tracing, collection of power data, collection of
            latency data, and collection of performance data.
        </para>

        <para>
            This section describes how to install and configure the Eclipse IDE
            Yocto Plug-in and how to use it to develop your application.
        </para>

        <section id='setting-up-the-eclipse-ide'>
            <title>Setting Up the Eclipse IDE</title>

            <para>
                To develop within the Eclipse IDE, you need to do the following:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Install the optimal version of the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Configure the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
                <note>
                    Do not install Eclipse from your distribution's package repository.
                    Be sure to install Eclipse from the official Eclipse download site as directed
                    in the next section.
                </note>
            </para>

            <section id='installing-eclipse-ide'>
                <title>Installing the Eclipse IDE</title>

                <para>
                    It is recommended that you have the Juno 4.2 version of the
                    Eclipse IDE installed on your development system.
                    However, if you currently have the Indigo 3.7.2 version installed and you do
                    not want to upgrade the IDE, you can configure Indigo to work with the
                    Yocto Project.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-ide-indigo'>Configuring the Eclipse IDE (Indigo)</link>"
                    section.
                </para>

                <para>
                    If you do not have the Juno 4.2 Eclipse IDE installed, you can find the tarball at
                    <ulink url='&ECLIPSE_MAIN_URL;'></ulink>.
                    From that site, choose the Eclipse Classic version particular to your development
                    host.
                    This version contains the Eclipse Platform, the Java Development
                    Tools (JDT), and the Plug-in Development Environment.
                </para>

                <para>
                    Once you have downloaded the tarball, extract it into a clean
                    directory.
                    For example, the following commands unpack and install the
                    downloaded Eclipse IDE tarball into a clean directory
                    using the default name <filename>eclipse</filename>:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~
     $ tar -xzvf ~/Downloads/eclipse-SDK-4.2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
                    </literallayout>
                </para>

                <para>
                    If you have the Indigo 3.7.2 Eclipse IDE already installed and you want to use that
                    version, one issue exists that you need to be aware of regarding the Java
                    Virtual machine’s garbage collection (GC) process.
                    The GC process does not clean up the permanent generation
                    space (PermGen).
                    This space stores metadata descriptions of classes.
                    The default value is set too small and it could trigger an
                    out-of-memory error such as the following:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     Java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space
                    </literallayout>
                </para>

                <para>
                    This error causes the application to hang.
                </para>

                <para>
                    To fix this issue, you can use the <filename>--vmargs</filename>
                    option when you start the Indigo 3.7.2 Eclipse IDE
                    to increase the size of the permanent generation space:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     eclipse --vmargs --XX:PermSize=256M
                    </literallayout>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='configuring-the-eclipse-ide-juno'>
                <title>Configuring the Eclipse IDE (Juno)</title>

                <para>
                    This section presents the steps needed to configure the Juno 4.2 Eclipse IDE.
                    If you are using Indigo 3.7.2, see the
                    "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-ide-indigo'>Configuring the Eclipse IDE (Indigo)</link>".
                </para>

                <para>
                    Before installing and configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in, you need to configure
                    the Juno 4.2 Eclipse IDE.
                    Follow these general steps:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Start the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Make sure you are in your Workbench and select
                            "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select <filename>Juno - &ECLIPSE_JUNO_URL;</filename>
                            from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Linux Tools" and select the
                            <filename>LTTng - Linux Tracing Toolkit</filename> boxes.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Mobile and Device Development" and select the
                            following boxes:
                            <itemizedlist>
                                <listitem><para><filename>C/C++ Remote Launch</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>Remote System Explorer End-user Runtime</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>Remote System Explorer User Actions</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>Target Management Terminal</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>TCF Remote System Explorer add-in</filename></para></listitem>
                                <listitem><para><filename>TCF Target Explorer</filename></para></listitem>
                            </itemizedlist></para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Programming Languages"
                            and select the <filename>Autotools Support for CDT</filename>
                            and <filename>C/C++ Development Tools</filename> boxes.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Complete the installation and restart the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='configuring-the-eclipse-ide-indigo'>
                <title>Configuring the Eclipse IDE (Indigo)</title>

                <para>
                    This section presents the steps needed to configure the Indigo 3.7.2 Eclipse IDE.
                    If you are using Juno 4.2, see the
                    "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-ide-juno'>Configuring the Eclipse IDE (Juno)</link>".
                </para>

                <para>
                    Before installing and configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in, you need to configure
                    the Indigo 3.7.2 Eclipse IDE.
                    Follow these general steps:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Start the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Make sure you are in your Workbench and select
                            "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select <filename>indigo - &ECLIPSE_INDIGO_URL;</filename>
                            from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Programming Languages"
                            and select the <filename>Autotools Support for CDT (incubation)</filename>
                            and <filename>C/C++ Development Tools</filename> boxes.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "Linux Tools" and select the
                            <filename>LTTng - Linux Tracing Toolkit(incubation)</filename>
                            boxes.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Complete the installation and restart the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>After the Eclipse IDE restarts and from the Workbench, select
                            "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click the
                            "Available Software Sites" link.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Check the box next to
                            <filename>&ECLIPSE_UPDATES_URL;</filename>
                            and click "OK".</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select <filename>&ECLIPSE_UPDATES_URL;</filename>
                            from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Check the box next to <filename>TM and RSE Main Features</filename>.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to <filename>TM and RSE Optional Add-ons</filename>
                            and select every item except <filename>RSE Unit Tests</filename> and
                            <filename>RSE WinCE Services (incubation)</filename>.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Complete the installation and restart the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>If necessary, select
                            "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu so you can click the
                            "Available Software Sites" link again.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>After clicking "Available Software Sites", check the box next to
                            <filename>http://download.eclipse.org/tools/cdt/releases/indigo</filename>
                           and click "OK".</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select <filename>&ECLIPSE_INDIGO_CDT_URL;</filename>
                            from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Check the box next to <filename>CDT Main Features</filename>.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Expand the box next to "CDT Optional Features"
                            and select <filename>C/C++ Remote Launch</filename> and
                            <filename>Target Communication Framework (incubation)</filename>.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Complete the installation and restart the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='installing-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>
                <title>Installing or Accessing the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</title>

                <para>
                    You can install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE
                    one of two ways:  use the Yocto Project's Eclipse Update site to install the pre-built plug-in,
                    or build and install the plug-in from the latest source code.
                    If you do not want to permanently install the plug-in but just want to try it out
                    within the Eclipse environment, you can import the plug-in project from the
                    Yocto Project's Source Repositories.
                </para>

                <section id='new-software'>
                    <title>Installing the Pre-built Plug-in from the Yocto Project Eclipse Update Site</title>

                    <para>
                        To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the update site,
                        follow these steps:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Start up the Eclipse IDE.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>In Eclipse, select "Install New Software" from the "Help" menu.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "Add..." in the "Work with:" area.</para></listitem>
                           <listitem><para>Enter
                                <filename>&ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;</filename>
                                in the URL field and provide a meaningful name in the "Name" field.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "OK" to have the entry added to the "Work with:"
                                drop-down list.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select the entry for the plug-in from the "Work with:" drop-down
                                list.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Check the box next to <filename>Development tools and SDKs for Yocto Linux</filename>.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Complete the remaining software installation steps and
                                then restart the Eclipse IDE to finish the installation of the plug-in.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                </section>

               <section id='zip-file-method'>
                   <title>Installing the Plug-in Using the Latest Source Code</title>

                   <para>
                        To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the latest source code, follow these steps:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Open a shell and create a Git repository with:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky yocto-eclipse
                                </literallayout>
                                For this example, the repository is named
                                <filename>~/yocto-eclipse</filename>.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Change to the directory where you set up
                                the Git repository:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd ~/yocto-eclipse
                                </literallayout></para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Be sure you are in the right branch for your Git repository.
                                For this release set the branch to <filename>&DISTRO_NAME;</filename>:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME; origin/&DISTRO_NAME;
                                </literallayout></para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Change to the <filename>scripts</filename>
                                directory within the Git repository:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ cd scripts
                                </literallayout></para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Set up the local build environment by running the
                                setup script:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ ./setup.sh
                                </literallayout></para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>When the script finishes execution, it prompts
                                you with instructions on how to run the
                                <filename>build.sh</filename> script, which is also in
                                the <filename>scripts</filename> of the
                                Git repository created earlier.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Run the <filename>build.sh</filename> script
                                as directed.
                                Be sure to provide the name of the Git branch along with the
                                Yocto Project release you are using.
                                Here is an example that uses the <filename>&DISTRO_NAME;</filename> branch:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ ECLIPSE_HOME=/home/scottrif/yocto-eclipse/scripts/eclipse ./build.sh &DISTRO_NAME; &DISTRO_NAME;
                                </literallayout>
                                After running the script, the file
                                <filename>org.yocto.sdk-&lt;release&gt;-&lt;date&gt;-archive.zip</filename>
                                is in the current directory.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>If necessary, start the Eclipse IDE and be sure you are in the
                                Workbench.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "Add".</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Provide anything you want in the "Name" field.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "Archive" and browse to the ZIP file you built
                                in step seven.
                                This ZIP file should not be "unzipped", and must be the
                                <filename>*archive.zip</filename> file created by running the
                                <filename>build.sh</filename> script.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click through the "Okay" buttons.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Check the box next to the new entry in the installation window and complete
                        the installation.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Restart the Eclipse IDE if necessary.</para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>

                    <para>
                        At this point you should be able to configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in as described in the
                        "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</link>"
                        section.</para>
                </section>

                <section id='yocto-project-source'>
                    <title>Importing the Plug-in Project into the Eclipse Environment</title>

                    <para>
                        Importing the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in project from the Yocto Project source repositories
                        is useful when you want to try out the latest plug-in from the tip of plug-in's
                        development tree.
                        It is important to understand when you import the plug-in you are not installing
                        it into the Eclipse application.
                        Rather, you are importing the project and just using it.
                    </para>

                    <para>
                        To import the plug-in project, follow these steps:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Open a shell and create a Git repository with:
                                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky yocto-eclipse
                                </literallayout>
                                For this example, the repository is named
                                <filename>~/yocto-eclipse</filename>.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>In Eclipse, select "Import" from the "File" menu.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Expand the "General" box and select "existing projects into workspace"
                                and then click "Next".</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select the root directory and browse to
                                <filename>~/yocto-eclipse/plugins</filename>.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Three plug-ins exist: 
                                <filename>org.yocto.bc.ui</filename>,
                                <filename>org.yocto.sdk.ide</filename>, and
                                <filename>org.yocto.sdk.remotetools</filename>.
                                Select and import all of them.</para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>

                    <para>
                        The left navigation pane in the Eclipse application shows the default projects.
                        Right-click on one of these projects and run it as an Eclipse application
                        to bring up a second instance of Eclipse IDE that has the Yocto Plug-in.
                    </para>
                </section>
            </section>

            <section id='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>
                <title>Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</title>

                <para>
                    Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in involves setting the Cross
                    Compiler options and the Target options.
                    The configurations you choose become the default settings for all projects.
                    You do have opportunities to change them later when
                    you configure the project (see the following section).
                </para>

                <para>
                    To start, you need to do the following from within the Eclipse IDE:
                    <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Choose "Preferences" from the 
                            "Windows" menu to display
                            the Preferences Dialog</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click "Yocto Project ADT"</para></listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                </para>

                <section id='configuring-the-cross-compiler-options'>
                    <title>Configuring the Cross-Compiler Options</title>

                    <para>
                        To configure the Cross Compiler Options, you must select the type of toolchain,
                        point to the toolchain, specify the sysroot location, and select the target architecture.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Selecting the Toolchain Type:</emphasis>
                                Choose between <filename>Standalone pre-built toolchain</filename>
                                and <filename>Build system derived toolchain</filename> for Cross
                                Compiler Options.
                                    <itemizedlist>
                                        <listitem><para><emphasis>
                                            <filename>Standalone Pre-built Toolchain:</filename></emphasis>
                                            Select this mode when you are using a stand-alone cross-toolchain.
                                            For example, suppose you are an application developer and do not
                                            need to build a target image.
                                            Instead, you just want to use an architecture-specific toolchain on an
                                            existing kernel and target root filesystem.
                                            </para></listitem>
                                       <listitem><para><emphasis>
                                            <filename>Build System Derived Toolchain:</filename></emphasis>
                                            Select this mode if the cross-toolchain has been installed and built
                                            as part of the 
                                            <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>.
                                            When you select <filename>Build system derived toolchain</filename>,
                                            you are using the toolchain bundled
                                            inside the Build Directory.
                                            </para></listitem>
                                    </itemizedlist>
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Point to the Toolchain:</emphasis>
                                If you are using a stand-alone pre-built toolchain, you should be pointing to the
                                where it is installed.
                                If you used the ADT Installer script and accepted the default
                                installation directory, the toolchain will be installed in 
                                the <filename>&YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR;</filename> directory.
                                Sections "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#configuring-and-running-the-adt-installer-script'>Configuring
                                and Running the ADT Installer Script</ulink>" and
                                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball</ulink>"
                                in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide
                                describe how to install a stand-alone cross-toolchain.</para>
                                <para>If you are using a system-derived toolchain, the path you provide
                                for the <filename>Toolchain Root Location</filename>
                                field is the <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>.
                                See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-the-toolchain-from-within-the-build-tree'>Using
                                BitBake and the Build Directory</ulink>" section in the Yocto Project Application
                                Developer's Guide for information on how to install 
                                the toolchain into the Build Directory.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Specify the Sysroot Location:</emphasis>
                                This location is where the root filesystem for the target hardware resides.
                                If you used the ADT Installer script and accepted the 
                                default installation directory, then the location is
                                <filename>/opt/poky/&lt;release&gt;</filename>.
                                Additionally, when you use the ADT Installer script,
                                the same location is used for
                                the QEMU user-space tools and the NFS boot process.</para>
                                <para>If you used either of the other two methods to 
                                install the toolchain or did not accept the ADT Installer
                                script's default installation directory, then the
                                location of the sysroot filesystem depends on where you separately
                                extracted and installed the filesystem.</para>
                                <para>For information on how to install the toolchain and on how to extract
                                and install the sysroot filesystem, see the
                                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#installing-the-adt'>Installing the ADT and Toolchains</ulink>" section.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis>Select the Target Architecture:</emphasis>
                                The target architecture is the type of hardware you are
                                going to use or emulate.
                                Use the pull-down <filename>Target Architecture</filename> menu to make
                                your selection.
                                The pull-down menu should have the supported architectures.
                                If the architecture you need is not listed in the menu, you
                                will need to build the image.
                                See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>" section
                                of the Yocto Project Quick Start for more information.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>
                </section>

                <section id='configuring-the-target-options'>
                    <title>Configuring the Target Options</title>

                    <para>
                        You can choose to emulate hardware using the QEMU emulator, or you
                        can choose to run your image on actual hardware.
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>QEMU:</filename></emphasis> Select this option if
                                you will be using the QEMU emulator.
                                If you are using the emulator, you also need to locate the kernel
                                and specify any custom options.</para>
                                <para>If you selected <filename>Build system derived toolchain</filename>,
                                the target kernel you built will be located in the
                                Build Directory in <filename>tmp/deploy/images</filename> directory.
                                If you selected <filename>Standalone pre-built toolchain</filename>, the
                                pre-built image you downloaded is located
                                in the directory you specified when you downloaded the image.</para>
                                <para>Most custom options are for advanced QEMU users to further
                                customize their QEMU instance.
                                These options are specified between paired angled brackets.
                                Some options must be specified outside the brackets.
                               In particular, the options <filename>serial</filename>,
                                <filename>nographic</filename>, and <filename>kvm</filename> must all
                                be outside the brackets.
                                Use the <filename>man qemu</filename> command to get help on all the options
                                and their use.
                                The following is an example:
                               <literallayout class='monospaced'>
    serial ‘&lt;-m 256 -full-screen&gt;’
                                </literallayout></para>
                                <para>
                                Regardless of the mode, Sysroot is already defined as part of the
                                Cross-Compiler Options configuration in the
                                <filename>Sysroot Location:</filename> field.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>External HW:</filename></emphasis> Select this option
                                if you will be using actual hardware.</para></listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>

                    <para>
                        Click the "OK" to save your plug-in configurations.
                    </para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>

        <section id='creating-the-project'>
            <title>Creating the Project</title>

            <para>
                You can create two types of projects:  Autotools-based, or Makefile-based.
                This section describes how to create Autotools-based projects from within
                the Eclipse IDE.
                For information on creating Makefile-based projects in a terminal window, see the section
                "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-the-command-line'>Using the Command Line</ulink>"
                in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide.
            </para>

            <para>
                To create a project based on a Yocto template and then display the source code,
                follow these steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Project" from the "File -> New" menu.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Double click <filename>CC++</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Double click <filename>C Project</filename> to create the project.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Expand <filename>Yocto Project ADT Project</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select <filename>Hello World ANSI C Autotools Project</filename>.
                        This is an Autotools-based project based on a Yocto template.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Put a name in the <filename>Project name:</filename> field.
                        Do not use hyphens as part of the name.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Next".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Add information in the <filename>Author</filename> and
                        <filename>Copyright notice</filename> fields.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Be sure the <filename>License</filename> field is correct.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Finish".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>If the "open perspective" prompt appears, click "Yes" so that you
                        in the C/C++ perspective.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>The left-hand navigation pane shows your project.
                        You can display your source by double clicking the project's source file.
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='configuring-the-cross-toolchains'>
            <title>Configuring the Cross-Toolchains</title>

            <para>
                The earlier section, "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>Configuring
                the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in</link>", sets up the default project
                configurations.
                You can override these settings for a given project by following these steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Change Yocto Project Settings" from the 
                        "Project" menu.
                        This selection brings up the Yocto Project Settings Dialog
                        and allows you to make changes specific to an individual project.
                        </para>
                        <para>By default, the Cross Compiler Options and Target Options for a project
                        are inherited from settings you provide using the Preferences
                        Dialog as described earlier
                        in the "<link linkend='configuring-the-eclipse-yocto-plug-in'>Configuring the Eclipse
                        Yocto Plug-in</link>" section.
                        The Yocto Project Settings Dialog allows you to override 
                        those default settings for a given project.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Make your configurations for the project and click "OK".
                        If you are running the Juno version of Eclipse, you can skip down to the next
                        section where you build the project.
                        If you are not working with Juno, you need to reconfigure the project as
                        described in the next step.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Reconfigure Project" from the 
                        "Project" menu.
                        This selection reconfigures the project by running
                       <filename>autogen.sh</filename> in the workspace for your project.
                        The script also runs <filename>libtoolize</filename>, <filename>aclocal</filename>,
                        <filename>autoconf</filename>, <filename>autoheader</filename>,
                        <filename>automake --a</filename>, and
                        <filename>./configure</filename>.
                        Click on the "Console" tab beneath your source code to
                        see the results of reconfiguring your project.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='building-the-project'>
            <title>Building the Project</title>

            <para>
                To build the project in Juno, right click on the project in the navigator pane and select
                "Build Project".
                If you are not running Juno, select "Build Project" from the 
                "Project" menu.
                The console should update and you can note the cross-compiler you are using.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='starting-qemu-in-user-space-nfs-mode'>
            <title>Starting QEMU in User-Space NFS Mode</title>

            <para>
                To start the QEMU emulator from within Eclipse, follow these steps:
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Expose and select "External Tools" from 
                        the "Run" menu.
                        Your image should appear as a selectable menu item.
                        </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select your image from the menu to launch the
                        emulator in a new window.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>If needed, enter your host root password in the shell window at the prompt.
                        This sets up a <filename>Tap 0</filename> connection needed for running in user-space
                        NFS mode.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Wait for QEMU to launch.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Once QEMU launches, you can begin operating within that
                        environment.
                        For example, you could determine the IP Address
                       for the user-space NFS by using the <filename>ifconfig</filename> command.
                        </para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='deploying-and-debugging-the-application'>
            <title>Deploying and Debugging the Application</title>

            <para>
                Once the QEMU emulator is running the image, you can deploy 
                your application using the Eclipse IDE and use then use 
                the emulator to perform debugging.
                Follow these steps to deploy the application.
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem><para>Select "Debug Configurations..." from the 
                    "Run" menu.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>In the left area, expand <filename>C/C++Remote Application</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Locate your project and select it to bring up a new
                        tabbed view in the Debug Configurations Dialog.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Enter the absolute path into which you want to deploy
                        the application.
                        Use the "Remote Absolute File Path for C/C++Application:" field.
                        For example, enter <filename>/usr/bin/&lt;programname&gt;</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click on the "Debugger" tab to see the cross-tool debugger
                        you are using.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click on the "Main" tab.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Create a new connection to the QEMU instance
                        by clicking on "new".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Select <filename>TCF</filename>, which means Target Communication
                        Framework.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Next".</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Clear out the "host name" field and enter the IP Address
                        determined earlier.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Finish" to close the
                        New Connections Dialog.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Use the drop-down menu now in the 
                        "Connection" field and pick the IP Address you entered.
                         </para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Click "Run" to bring up a login screen
                        and login.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para>Accept the debug perspective.</para></listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='running-user-space-tools'>
            <title>Running User-Space Tools</title>

            <para>
                As mentioned earlier in the manual, several tools exist that enhance
                your development experience.
                These tools are aids in developing and debugging applications and images.
                You can run these user-space tools from within the Eclipse IDE through the
                "YoctoTools" menu.
            </para>

            <para>
                Once you pick a tool, you need to configure it for the remote target.
                Every tool needs to have the connection configured.
                You must select an existing TCF-based RSE connection to the remote target.
                If one does not exist, click "New" to create one.
            </para>

            <para>
                Here are some specifics about the remote tools:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>OProfile</filename>:</emphasis>  Selecting this tool causes
                        the <filename>oprofile-server</filename> on the remote target to launch on
                        the local host machine.
                        The <filename>oprofile-viewer</filename> must be installed on the local host machine and the
                        <filename>oprofile-server</filename> must be installed on the remote target,
                        respectively, in order to use.
                        You must compile and install the <filename>oprofile-viewer</filename> from the source code
                        on your local host machine.
                        Furthermore, in order to convert the target's sample format data into a form that the
                        host can use, you must have OProfile version 0.9.4 or
                        greater installed on the host.</para>
                        <para>You can locate both the viewer and server from
                        <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit/cgit.cgi/oprofileui/'></ulink>.
                        You can also find more information on setting up and
                        using this tool in the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_PROF_URL;#profile-manual-oprofile'>OProfile</ulink>"
                        section of the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual.
                        <note>The <filename>oprofile-server</filename> is installed by default on
                        the <filename>core-image-sato-sdk</filename> image.</note></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>Lttng2.0 ust trace import</filename>:</emphasis>
                        Selecting this tool transfers the remote target's
                        <filename>Lttng</filename> tracing data back to the local host machine
                        and uses the Lttng Eclipse plug-in to graphically
                        display the output.
                        For information on how to use Lttng to trace an application,
                        see <ulink url='http://lttng.org/documentation'></ulink>
                        and the 
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_PROF_URL;#lttng-linux-trace-toolkit-next-generation'>LTTng (Linux Trace Toolkit, next generation)</ulink>" 
                        section, which is in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual.
                        <note>Do not use <filename>Lttng-user space (legacy)</filename> tool.
                            This tool no longer has any upstream support.</note>
                        </para>
                        <para>Before you use the <filename>Lttng2.0 ust trace import</filename> tool,
                        you need to setup the Lttng Eclipse plug-in and create a
                        Tracing project.
                        Do the following:
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem><para>Select "Open Perspective" from the 
                                "Window" menu and then select "Tracing".</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "OK" to change the Eclipse perspective
                                into the Tracing perspective.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Create a new Tracing project by selecting
                                "Project" from the "File -> New" menu.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Choose "Tracing Project" from the 
                                "Tracing" menu.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Generate your tracing data on the remote target.
                                </para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Select "Lttng2.0 ust trace import" from 
                                the "Yocto Project Tools" menu to
                                start the data import process.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Specify your remote connection name.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>For the Ust directory path, specify the location of
                                your remote tracing data.
                                Make sure the location ends with <filename>ust</filename> (e.g.
                                <filename>/usr/mysession/ust</filename>).</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Click "OK" to complete the import process.
                                The data is now in the local tracing project you created.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Right click on the data and then use the menu to
                                Select "Generic CTF Trace" from the 
                                "Trace Type... -> Common Trace Format" menu to map 
                                the tracing type.</para></listitem>
                            <listitem><para>Right click the mouse and select "Open"
                                to bring up the Eclipse Lttng Trace Viewer so you
                                view the tracing data.</para></listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>PowerTOP</filename>:</emphasis> Selecting this tool runs
                        PowerTOP on the remote target machine and displays the results in a
                        new view called PowerTOP.</para>
                        <para>The "Time to gather data(sec):" field is the time passed in seconds before data
                        is gathered from the remote target for analysis.</para>
                        <para>The "show pids in wakeups list:" field corresponds to the
                        <filename>-p</filename> argument
                        passed to <filename>PowerTOP</filename>.</para></listitem>
                    <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>LatencyTOP and Perf</filename>:</emphasis>
                        LatencyTOP identifies system latency, while
                        Perf monitors the system's performance counter registers.
                        Selecting either of these tools causes an RSE terminal view to appear
                        from which you can run the tools.
                        Both tools refresh the entire screen to display results while they run.
                        For more information on setting up and using <filename>perf</filename>,
                        see the
                        "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_PROF_URL;#profile-manual-perf'>perf</ulink>"
                        section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual.
                        For information on LatencyTOP, see the
                        <ulink url='https://latencytop.org/'>LatencyTOP</ulink>
                        website.
                        </para></listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
        </section>

        <section id='customizing-an-image-using-a-bitbake-commander-project-and-hob'>
            <title>Customizing an Image Using a BitBake Commander Project and Hob</title>

            <para>
                Within the Eclipse IDE, you can create a Yocto BitBake Commander project,
                edit the <link linkend='metadata'>Metadata</link>, and then use 
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'>Hob</ulink> to build a customized
                image all within one IDE.
            </para>

            <section id='creating-the-yocto-bitbake-commander-project'>
                <title>Creating the Yocto BitBake Commander Project</title>

                <para>
                    To create a Yocto BitBake Commander project, follow these steps:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Select "Other" from the 
                            "Window -> Open Perspective" menu 
                            and then choose "Bitbake Commander".</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click "OK" to change the perspective to
                            Bitbake Commander.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select "Project" from the "File -> New"
                            menu to create a new Yocto
                            Bitbake Commander project.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Choose "New Yocto Project" from the 
                            "Yocto Project Bitbake Commander" menu and click 
                            "Next".</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Enter the Project Name and choose the Project Location.
                            The Yocto project's Metadata files will be put under the directory
                            <filename>&lt;project_location&gt;/&lt;project_name&gt;</filename>.
                            If that directory does not exist, you need to check
                            the "Clone from Yocto Git Repository" box, which would execute a
                            <filename>git clone</filename> command to get the project's Metadata files.
                            </para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select <filename>Finish</filename> to create the project.</para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='editing-the-metadata'>
                <title>Editing the Metadata</title>

                <para>
                    After you create the Yocto Bitbake Commander project, you can modify the 
                    <link linkend='metadata'>Metadata</link> files
                    by opening them in the project.
                    When editing recipe files (<filename>.bb</filename> files), you can view BitBake
                    variable values and information by hovering the mouse pointer over the variable name and
                    waiting a few seconds.
                </para>

                <para>
                    To edit the Metadata, follow these steps:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Select your Yocto Bitbake Commander project.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select "BitBake Recipe" from the 
                        "File -> New -> Yocto BitBake Commander" menu 
                            to open a new recipe wizard.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Point to your source by filling in the "SRC_URL" field.
                            For example, you can add a recipe to your
                            <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>
                            by defining "SRC_URL" as follows:
                            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.9.tar.gz
                            </literallayout></para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click "Populate" to calculate the archive md5, sha256,
                            license checksum values and to auto-generate the recipe filename.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Fill in the "Description" field.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Be sure values for all required fields exist.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click "Finish".</para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>

            <section id='biding-and-customizing-the-image-using-hob'>
                <title>Building and Customizing the Image Using Hob</title>

                <para>
                    To build and customize the image using Hob from within the 
                    Eclipse IDE, follow these steps:
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem><para>Select your Yocto Bitbake Commander project.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Select "Launch Hob" from the "Project"
                            menu.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Enter the 
                            <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>
                            where you want to put your final images.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Click "OK" to launch Hob.</para></listitem>
                        <listitem><para>Use Hob to customize and build your own images.
                            For information on Hob, see the
                            <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'>Hob Project Page</ulink> on the
                            Yocto Project website.</para></listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section id='workflow-using-stand-alone-cross-development-toolchains'>
        <title>Workflow Using Stand-Alone Cross-Development Toolchains</title>

        <para>
            If you want to develop an application without prior installation
            of the ADT, you still can employ the
            <link linkend='cross-development-toolchain'>Cross Development Toolchain</link>,
            the QEMU emulator, and a number of supported  target image files.
            You just need to follow these general steps:
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Install the cross-development
                    toolchain for your target hardware:</emphasis>
                    For information on how to install the toolchain, see the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball</ulink>"
                    section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's
                    Guide.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Download the Target Image:</emphasis>
                    The Yocto Project supports several target architectures
                    and has many pre-built kernel images and root filesystem
                    images.</para>
                    <para>If you are going to develop your application on
                    hardware, go to the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_MACHINES_DL_URL;'><filename>machines</filename></ulink>
                    download area and choose a target machine area
                    from which to download the kernel image and root filesystem.
                    This download area could have several files in it that
                    support development using actual hardware.
                    For example, the area might contain
                    <filename>.hddimg</filename> files that combine the
                    kernel image with the filesystem, boot loaders, and 
                    so forth.
                    Be sure to get the files you need for your particular
                    development process.</para>
                    <para>If you are going to develop your application and
                    then run and test it using the QEMU emulator, go to the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_QEMU_DL_URL;'><filename>machines/qemu</filename></ulink>
                    download area.
                    From this area, go down into the directory for your
                    target architecture (e.g. <filename>qemux86_64</filename>
                    for an <trademark class='registered'>Intel</trademark>-based
                    64-bit architecture).
                    Download kernel, root filesystem, and any other files you
                    need for your process.
                    <note>In order to use the root filesystem in QEMU, you
                    need to extract it.
                    See the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#extracting-the-root-filesystem'>Extracting the Root Filesystem</ulink>"
                    section for information on how to extract the root
                    filesystem.</note></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Develop and Test your
                    Application:</emphasis>  At this point, you have the tools
                    to develop your application.
                    If you need to separately install and use the QEMU
                    emulator, you can go to
                    <ulink url='http://wiki.qemu.org/Main_Page'>QEMU Home Page</ulink>
                    to download and learn about the emulator.</para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>
</section>

<section id="modifying-temporary-source-code">
    <title>Modifying Temporary Source Code</title>

    <para>
        You might
        find it helpful during development to modify the temporary source code used by recipes
        to build packages.
        For example, suppose you are developing a patch and you need to experiment a bit
        to figure out your solution.
        After you have initially built the package, you can iteratively tweak the
        source code, which is located in the
        <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>, and then
        you can force a re-compile and quickly test your altered code.
        Once you settle on a solution, you can then preserve your changes in the form of
        patches.
        You can accomplish these steps all within either a
        <ulink url='http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'>Quilt</ulink> or
        <link linkend='git'>Git</link> workflow.
    </para>

    <section id='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>
        <title>Finding the Temporary Source Code</title>

        <para>
            During a build, the unpacked temporary source code used by recipes
            to build packages is available in the Build Directory as
            defined by the
            <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'>S</ulink></filename> variable.
            Below is the default value for the <filename>S</filename> variable as defined in the
            <filename>meta/conf/bitbake.conf</filename> configuration file in the
            <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     S = ${WORKDIR}/${BP}
            </literallayout>
            You should be aware that many recipes override the <filename>S</filename> variable.
            For example, recipes that fetch their source from Git usually set
            <filename>S</filename> to <filename>${WORKDIR}/git</filename>.
            <note>
                The
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BP'><filename>BP</filename></ulink>
                represents the base recipe name, which consists of the name and version:
                <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     BP = ${BPN}-${PV}
                </literallayout>
            </note>
        </para>

        <para>
            The path to the work directory for the recipe
            (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>) depends
            on the recipe name and the architecture of the target device.
            For example, here is the work directory for recipes and resulting packages that are
            not device-dependent:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ${TMPDIR}/work/${PACKAGE_ARCH}-poky-${TARGET_OS}/${PN}-${PV}-${PR}
            </literallayout>
            Let's look at an example without variables.
            Assuming a top-level <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>
            named <filename>poky</filename>
            and a default Build Directory of <filename>poky/build</filename>,
            the following is the work directory for the <filename>acl</filename> recipe that
            creates the <filename>acl</filename> package:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ~/poky/build/tmp/work/i586-poky-linux/acl-2.2.51-r3
            </literallayout>
        </para>

        <para>
            If your resulting package is dependent on the target device,
            the work directory varies slightly:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ${TMPDIR}/work/${MACHINE}-poky-${TARGET_OS}/${PN}-${PV}-${PR}
            </literallayout>
            Again, assuming top-level Source Directory named <filename>poky</filename>
            and a default Build Directory of <filename>poky/build</filename>, the
            following are the work and temporary source directories, respectively,
            for the <filename>acl</filename> package that is being
            built for a MIPS-based device:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     ~/poky/build/tmp/work/mips-poky-linux/acl-2.2.51-r2
     ~/poky/build/tmp/work/mips-poky-linux/acl-2.2.51-r2/acl-2.2.51
            </literallayout>
        </para>

        <note>
            To better understand how the OpenEmbedded build system resolves directories during the
            build process, see the glossary entries for the
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></ulink>,
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></ulink>,
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TOPDIR'><filename>TOPDIR</filename></ulink>,
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></ulink>,
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-TARGET_OS'><filename>TARGET_OS</filename></ulink>,
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></ulink>,
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></ulink>,
            and
            <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></ulink>
            variables in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.
        </note>

        <para>
            Now that you know where to locate the directory that has the temporary source code,
            you can use a Quilt or Git workflow to make your edits, test the changes,
            and preserve the changes in the form of patches.
        </para>
    </section>

    <section id="using-a-quilt-workflow">
        <title>Using a Quilt Workflow</title>

        <para>
            <ulink url='http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'>Quilt</ulink>
            is a powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having
            a clean source tree.
            This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify temporary source code,
            test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Quilt.
        </para>

        <para>
            Follow these general steps:
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Find the Source Code:</emphasis>
                    The temporary source code used by the OpenEmbedded build system is kept in the
                    Build Directory.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>Finding the Temporary Source Code</link>"
                    section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a
                    particular package.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Change Your Working Directory:</emphasis>
                    You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code.
                    That directory is defined by the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
                    variable.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Create a New Patch:</emphasis>
                    Before modifying source code, you need to create a new patch.
                    To create a new patch file, use <filename>quilt new</filename> as below:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt new my_changes.patch
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Notify Quilt and Add Files:</emphasis>
                    After creating the patch, you need to notify Quilt about the files
                    you plan to edit.
                    You notify Quilt by adding the files to the patch you just created:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt add file1.c file2.c file3.c
                    </literallayout>
                    </para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Files:</emphasis>
                    Make your changes in the temporary source code to the files you added
                    to the patch.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Test Your Changes:</emphasis>
                    Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to test your changes
                    is by calling the <filename>compile</filename> task as shown in the following example:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -c compile -f &lt;name_of_package&gt;
                    </literallayout>
                    The <filename>-f</filename> or <filename>--force</filename>
                    option forces the specified task to execute.
                    If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and
                    re-testing iteratively until things work as expected.
                    <note>All the modifications you make to the temporary source code
                    disappear once you <filename>-c clean</filename> or
                    <filename>-c cleanall</filename> with BitBake for the package.
                    Modifications will also disappear if you use the <filename>rm_work</filename>
                    feature as described in the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>"
                    section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                    </note></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the Patch:</emphasis>
                    Once your changes work as expected, you need to use Quilt to generate the final patch that
                    contains all your modifications.
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ quilt refresh
                    </literallayout>
                    At this point, the <filename>my_changes.patch</filename> file has all your edits made
                    to the <filename>file1.c</filename>, <filename>file2.c</filename>, and
                    <filename>file3.c</filename> files.</para>
                    <para>You can find the resulting patch file in the <filename>patches/</filename>
                    subdirectory of the source (<filename>S</filename>) directory.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Copy the Patch File:</emphasis>
                    For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named <filename>files</filename>,
                    which you can create in the same directory that holds the recipe
                    (<filename>.bb</filename>) file or the
                    append (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) file.
                    Placing the patch here guarantees that the OpenEmbedded build system will find
                    the patch.
                    Next, add the patch into the
                    <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename>
                    of the recipe.
                    Here is an example:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SRC_URI += "file://my_changes.patch"
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Increment the Recipe Revision Number:</emphasis>
                    Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the
                    <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'>PR</ulink></filename>
                    value in the recipe since the resulting packages have changed.</para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>     </section>

    <section id='using-a-git-workflow'>
        <title>Using a Git Workflow</title>
        <para>
            Git is an even more powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having
            a clean source tree.
            This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify temporary source code,
            test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Git.
            For general information on Git as it is used in the Yocto Project, see the
            "<link linkend='git'>Git</link>" section.
        </para>

        <note>
            This workflow uses Git only for its ability to manage local changes to the source code
            and produce patches independent of any version control system used with the Yocto Project.
        </note>

        <para>
            Follow these general steps:
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Find the Source Code:</emphasis>
                    The temporary source code used by the OpenEmbedded build system is kept in the
                    Build Directory.
                    See the
                    "<link linkend='finding-the-temporary-source-code'>Finding the Temporary Source Code</link>"
                    section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a
                    particular package.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Change Your Working Directory:</emphasis>
                    You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code.
                    That directory is defined by the
                    <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>
                    variable.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>If needed, initialize a Git Repository:</emphasis>
                    If the recipe you are working with does not use a Git fetcher,
                    you need to set up a Git repository as follows:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git init
     $ git add *
     $ git commit -m "initial revision"
                    </literallayout>
                    The above Git commands initialize a Git repository that is based on the
                    files in your current working directory, stage all the files, and commit
                    the files.
                    At this point, your Git repository is aware of all the source code files.
                    Any edits you now make to files can be committed later and will be tracked by
                    Git.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Edit the Files:</emphasis>
                    Make your changes to the temporary source code.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Test Your Changes:</emphasis>
                    Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to test your changes
                    is by calling the <filename>compile</filename> task as shown in the following example:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake -c compile -f &lt;name_of_package&gt;
                    </literallayout>
                    The <filename>-f</filename> or <filename>--force</filename>
                    option forces the specified task to execute.
                    If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and
                    re-testing iteratively until things work as expected.
                    <note>All the modifications you make to the temporary source code
                    disappear once you <filename>-c clean</filename>, <filename>-c cleansstate</filename>,
                    or <filename>-c cleanall</filename> with BitBake for the package.
                    Modifications will also disappear if you use the <filename>rm_work</filename>
                    feature as described in the
                    "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>"
                    section of the Yocto Project Quick Start.
                    </note></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>See the List of Files You Changed:</emphasis>
                    Use the <filename>git status</filename> command to see what files you have actually edited.
                    The ability to have Git track the files you have changed is an advantage that this
                    workflow has over the Quilt workflow.
                    Here is the Git command to list your changed files:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git status
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Stage the Modified Files:</emphasis>
                    Use the <filename>git add</filename> command to stage the changed files so they
                    can be committed as follows:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git add file1.c file2.c file3.c
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Commit the Staged Files and View Your Changes:</emphasis>
                    Use the <filename>git commit</filename> command to commit the changes to the
                    local repository.
                    Once you have committed the files, you can use the <filename>git log</filename>
                    command to see your changes:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git commit -m "&lt;commit-summary-message&gt;"
     $ git log
                    </literallayout>
                    <note>The name of the patch file created in the next step is based on your
                        <filename>commit-summary-message</filename>.</note></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the Patch:</emphasis>
                    Once the changes are committed, use the <filename>git format-patch</filename>
                    command to generate a patch file:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ git format-patch -1
                    </literallayout>
                    Specifying "-1" causes Git to generate the
                    patch file for the most recent commit.</para>
                    <para>At this point, the patch file has all your edits made
                    to the <filename>file1.c</filename>, <filename>file2.c</filename>, and
                    <filename>file3.c</filename> files.
                    You can find the resulting patch file in the current directory and it
                    is named according to the <filename>git commit</filename> summary line.
                    The patch file ends with <filename>.patch</filename>.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Copy the Patch File:</emphasis>
                    For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named <filename>files</filename>,
                    which you can create in the same directory that holds the recipe
                    (<filename>.bb</filename>) file or the
                    append (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) file.
                    Placing the patch here guarantees that the OpenEmbedded build system will find
                    the patch.
                    Next, add the patch into the
                    <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-SRC_URI'>SRC_URI</ulink></filename>
                    of the recipe.
                    Here is an example:
                    <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     SRC_URI += "file://0001-&lt;commit-summary-message&gt;.patch"
                    </literallayout></para></listitem>
                <listitem><para><emphasis>Increment the Recipe Revision Number:</emphasis>
                    Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the
                    <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PR'>PR</ulink></filename>
                    value in the recipe since the resulting packages have changed.</para></listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>
</section>

<section id='image-development-using-hob'>
    <title>Image Development Using Hob</title>

    <para>
        The <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'>Hob</ulink> is a graphical user interface for the
        OpenEmbedded build system, which is based on BitBake.
        You can use the Hob to build custom operating system images within the Yocto Project build environment.
        Hob simply provides a friendly interface over the build system used during development.
        In other words, building images with the Hob lets you take care of common build tasks more easily.
    </para>

    <para>
        For a better understanding of Hob, see the project page at
        <ulink url='&YOCTO_HOME_URL;/tools-resources/projects/hob'></ulink> 
        on the Yocto Project website.
        If you follow the "Documentation" link from the Hob page, you will 
        find a short introductory training video on Hob.
        The following lists some features of Hob:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>You can setup and run Hob using these commands:
            <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ source oe-init-build-env
     $ hob
            </literallayout></para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can set the
                <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></ulink>
                for which you are building the image.</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can modify various policy settings such as the 
                package format with which to build,
                the parallelism BitBake uses, whether or not to build an 
                external toolchain, and which host to build against.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can manage
                <link linkend='understanding-and-creating-layers'>layers</link>.</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can select a base image and then add extra packages for your custom build.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>You can launch and monitor the build from within Hob.</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>
</section>

<section id="platdev-appdev-devshell">
    <title>Using a Development Shell</title>

    <para>
        When debugging certain commands or even when just editing packages,
        <filename>devshell</filename> can be a useful tool.
        When you invoke <filename>devshell</filename>, source files are
        extracted into your working directory and patches are applied.
        Then, a new terminal is opened and you are placed in the working directory.
        In the new terminal, all the OpenEmbedded build-related environment variables are
        still defined so you can use commands such as <filename>configure</filename> and
        <filename>make</filename>.
        The commands execute just as if the OpenEmbedded build system were executing them.
        Consequently, working this way can be helpful when debugging a build or preparing
        software to be used with the OpenEmbedded build system.
    </para>

    <para>
        Following is an example that uses <filename>devshell</filename> on a target named
        <filename>matchbox-desktop</filename>:
        <literallayout class='monospaced'>
     $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c devshell
        </literallayout>
    </para>

    <para>
        This command spawns a terminal with a shell prompt within the OpenEmbedded build environment.
        The <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-OE_TERMINAL'><filename>OE_TERMINAL</filename></ulink>
        variable controls what type of shell is opened.
    </para>

    <para>
        For spawned terminals, the following occurs:
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>The <filename>PATH</filename> variable includes the
                cross-toolchain.</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>The <filename>pkgconfig</filename> variables find the correct
                <filename>.pc</filename> files.</para></listitem>
                <listitem><para>The <filename>configure</filename> command finds the
                Yocto Project site files as well as any other necessary files.</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
        Within this environment, you can run configure or compile
        commands as if they were being run by
        the OpenEmbedded build system itself.
        As noted earlier, the working directory also automatically changes to the
        Source Directory (<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-S'><filename>S</filename></ulink>).
    </para>

    <para>
        When you are finished, you just exit the shell or close the terminal window.
    </para>

    <note>
        <para>
            It is worth remembering that when using <filename>devshell</filename>
            you need to use the full compiler name such as <filename>arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gcc</filename>
            instead of just using <filename>gcc</filename>.
            The same applies to other applications such as <filename>binutils</filename>,
            <filename>libtool</filename> and so forth.
            BitBake sets up environment variables such as <filename>CC</filename>
            to assist applications, such as <filename>make</filename> to find the correct tools.
        </para>

        <para>
            It is also worth noting that <filename>devshell</filename> still works over
            X11 forwarding and similar situations.
        </para>
    </note>
</section>

</chapter>
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