This chapter provides information about how to extend the functionality already present in Poky. The chapter also documents standard tasks such as adding new software packages, extending or customizing images or porting Poky to new hardware (adding a new machine). Finally, the chapter contains advice about how to make changes to Poky to achieve the best results.

To add a package into Poky you need to write a recipe for it. Writing a recipe means creating a .bb file that sets some variables. For information on variables that are useful for recipes and for information about recipe naming issues, see the Recipe Variables - Required appendix. Before writing a recipe from scratch it is often useful to check whether someone else has written one already. OpenEmbedded is a good place to look as it has a wider scope and range of packages. Because Poky aims to be compatible with OpenEmbedded, most recipes should simply work in Poky. For new packages, the simplest way to add a recipe is to base it on a similar pre-existing recipe. Following are some examples showing how to add standard types of packages:

Building an application from a single file that is stored locally (e.g. under files/) requires a recipe that has the file listed in the SRC_URI variable. Additionally, you need to manually write the "do_compile" and "do_install" tasks. The S variable defines the directory containing the source code, which is set to WORKDIR in this case - the directory BitBake uses for the build. DESCRIPTION = "Simple helloworld application" SECTION = "examples" LICENSE = "MIT" PR = "r0" SRC_URI = "file://helloworld.c" S = "${WORKDIR}" do_compile() { ${CC} helloworld.c -o helloworld } do_install() { install -d ${D}${bindir} install -m 0755 helloworld ${D}${bindir} } By default, the "helloworld", "helloworld-dbg" and "helloworld-dev" packages are built. For information on how to customize the packaging process, see Controlling Package Content.

Applications that use autotools such as autoconf and automake require a recipe that has a source archive listed in SRC_URI and also inherits autotools, which instructs BitBake to use the autotools.bbclass file, which contains the definitions of all the steps needed to build an autotooled application. The result of the build is automatically packaged. And, if the application uses NLS for localization, packages with local information are generated (one package per language). Following is one example: (hello_2.3.bb) DESCRIPTION = "GNU Helloworld application" SECTION = "examples" LICENSE = "GPLv2+" LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=751419260aa954499f7abaabaa882bbe" PR = "r0" SRC_URI = "${GNU_MIRROR}/hello/hello-${PV}.tar.gz" inherit autotools gettext The variable LIC_FILES_CHKSUM is used to track source license changes. You can quickly create autotool-based recipes in a manner similar to the previous example.

Applications that use GNU make also require a recipe that has the source archive listed in SRC_URI. You do not need to add a "do_compile" step since by default BitBake starts the make command to compile the application. If you need additional make options you should store them in the EXTRA_OEMAKE variable. BitBake passes these options into the make GNU invocation. Note that a "do_install" task is still required. Otherwise BitBake runs an empty "do_install" task by default. Some applications might require extra parameters to be passed to the compiler. For example the application might need an additional header path. You can accomplish this by adding to the CFLAGS variable. The following example shows this: CFLAGS_prepend = "-I ${S}/include " In the following example mtd-utils is a makefile-based package: DESCRIPTION = "Tools for managing memory technology devices." SECTION = "base" DEPENDS = "zlib lzo e2fsprogs util-linux" HOMEPAGE = "http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/" LICENSE = "GPLv2" SRC_URI = "git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git;protocol=git;tag=v${PV}" S = "${WORKDIR}/git/" EXTRA_OEMAKE = "'CC=${CC}' 'CFLAGS=${CFLAGS} -I${S}/include -DWITHOUT_XATTR' \ 'BUILDDIR=${S}'" do_install () { oe_runmake install DESTDIR=${D} SBINDIR=${sbindir} MANDIR=${mandir} \ INCLUDEDIR=${includedir} install -d ${D}${includedir}/mtd/ for f in ${S}/include/mtd/*.h; do install -m 0644 $f ${D}${includedir}/mtd/ done }

You can use the variables PACKAGES and FILES to split an application into multiple packages. Following is an example that uses the "libXpm" recipe (libxpm_3.5.7.bb). By default, the "libXpm" recipe generates a single package that contains the library along with a few binaries. You can modify the recipe to split the binaries into separate packages: require xorg-lib-common.inc DESCRIPTION = "X11 Pixmap library" LICENSE = "X-BSD" DEPENDS += "libxext libsm libxt" PR = "r3" PE = "1" XORG_PN = "libXpm" PACKAGES =+ "sxpm cxpm" FILES_cxpm = "${bindir}/cxpm" FILES_sxpm = "${bindir}/sxpm" In the previous example we want to ship the "sxpm" and "cxpm" binaries in separate packages. Since "bindir" would be packaged into the main PN package by default, we prepend the PACKAGES variable so additional package names are added to the start of list. This results in the extra FILES_* variables then containing information that define which files and directories go into which packages. Files included by earlier packages are skipped by latter packages. Thus, the main PN package does not include the above listed files.

To add a post-installation script to a package, add a pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME() function to the .bb file and use PACKAGENAME as the name of the package you want to attach to the postinst script. Normally PN can be used, which automatically expands to PACKAGENAME. A post-installation function has the following structure: pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME () { #!/bin/sh -e # Commands to carry out } The script defined in the post-installation function is called when the rootfs is made. If the script succeeds, the package is marked as installed. If the script fails, the package is marked as unpacked and the script is executed when the image boots again. Sometimes it is necessary for the execution of a post-installation script to be delayed until the first boot. For example, the script might need to be executed on the device itself. To delay script execution until boot time, use the following structure in the post-installation script: pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME () { #!/bin/sh -e if [ x"$D" = "x" ]; then # Actions to carry out on the device go here else exit 1 fi } The previous example delays execution until the image boots again because the D variable points to the 'image' directory when the rootfs is being made at build time but is unset when executed on the first boot.

You can customize Poky images to satisfy particular requirements. This section describes several methods and provides guidelines for each.

One way to get additional software into an image is to create a custom image. The following example shows the form for the two lines you need: IMAGE_INSTALL = "task-poky-x11-base package1 package2" inherit poky-image By creating a custom image, a developer has total control over the contents of the image. It is important to use the correct names of packages in the IMAGE_INSTALL variable. You must use the OpenEmbedded notation and not the Debian notation for the names (e.g. "glibc-dev" instead of "libc6-dev"). The other method for creating a custom image is to modify an existing image. For example, if a developer wants to add "strace" into "poky-image-sato", they can use the following recipe: require poky-image-sato.bb IMAGE_INSTALL += "strace"

For complex custom images, the best approach is to create a custom task package that is used to build the image or images. A good example of a tasks package is meta/recipes-sato/tasks/task-poky.bb. The PACKAGES variable lists the task packages to build along with the complementary -dbg and -dev packages. For each package added, you can use RDEPENDS and RRECOMMENDS entries to provide a list of packages the parent task package should contain. Following is an example: DESCRIPTION = "My Custom Tasks" PACKAGES = "\ task-custom-apps \ task-custom-apps-dbg \ task-custom-apps-dev \ task-custom-tools \ task-custom-tools-dbg \ task-custom-tools-dev \ " RDEPENDS_task-custom-apps = "\ dropbear \ portmap \ psplash" RDEPENDS_task-custom-tools = "\ oprofile \ oprofileui-server \ lttng-control \ lttng-viewer" RRECOMMENDS_task-custom-tools = "\ kernel-module-oprofile" In the previous example, two task packages are created with their dependencies and their recommended package dependencies listed: task-custom-apps, and task-custom-tools. To build an image using these task packages, you need to add "task-custom-apps" and/or "task-custom-tools" to IMAGE_INSTALL. For other forms of image dependencies see the other areas of this section.

Ultimately users might want to add extra image "features" to the set used by Poky with the IMAGE_FEATURES variable. To create these features, the best reference is meta/classes/poky-image.bbclass, which shows how poky achieves this. In summary, the file looks at the contents of the IMAGE_FEATURES variable and then maps that into a set of tasks or packages. Based on this information the IMAGE_INSTALL variable is generated automatically. Users can add extra features by extending the class or creating a custom class for use with specialized image .bb files. You can also add more features by configuring the EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES variable in the local.conf file. Poky ships with two SSH servers you can use in your images: Dropbear and OpenSSH. Dropbear is a minimal SSH server appropriate for resource-constrained environments, while OpenSSH is a well-known standard SSH server implementation. By default, poky-image-sato is configured to use Dropbear. The poky-image-basic and poky-image-lsb images both include OpenSSH. To change these defaults, edit the IMAGE_FEATURES variable so that it sets the image you are working with to include ssh-server-dropbear or ssh-server-openssh.

It is possible to customize image contents by using variables used by distribution maintainers in the local.conf. This method only allows the addition of packages and is not recommended. For example, to add the "strace" package into the image you would add this package to the local.conf file: DISTRO_EXTRA_RDEPENDS += "strace" However, since the DISTRO_EXTRA_RDEPENDS variable is for distribution maintainers, adding packages using this method is not as simple as adding them using a custom .bb file. Using the local.conf file method could result in some packages needing to be recreated. For example, if packages were previously created and the image was rebuilt then the packages would need to be recreated. Cleaning task-* packages are required because they use the DISTRO_EXTRA_RDEPENDS variable. You do not have to build them by hand because Poky images depend on the packages they contain. This means dependencies are automatically built when the image builds. For this reason we don't use the "rebuild" task. In this case the "rebuild" task does not care about dependencies - it only rebuilds the specified package. $ bitbake -c clean task-boot task-base task-poky $ bitbake poky-image-sato

Adding a new machine to Poky is a straightforward process. This section provides information that gives you an idea of the changes you must make. The information covers adding machines similar to those Poky already supports. Although well within the capabilities of Poky, adding a totally new architecture might require changes to gcc/glibc and to the site information, which is beyond the scope of this manual.

To add a machine configuration you need to add a .conf file with details of the device being added to the conf/machine/ file. The name of the file determines the name Poky uses to reference the new machine. The most important variables to set in this file are TARGET_ARCH (e.g. "arm"), PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel (see below) and MACHINE_FEATURES (e.g. "kernel26 apm screen wifi"). You might also need other variables like SERIAL_CONSOLE (e.g. "115200 ttyS0"), KERNEL_IMAGETYPE (e.g. "zImage") and IMAGE_FSTYPES (e.g. "tar.gz jffs2"). You can find full details on these variables in the reference section. You can leverage many existing machine .conf files from meta/conf/machine/.

Poky needs to be able to build a kernel for the machine. You need to either create a new kernel recipe for this machine, or extend an existing recipe. You can find several kernel examples in the meta/recipes-kernel/linux directory that can be used as references. If you are creating a new recipe, the "normal" recipe-writing rules apply for setting up a SRC_URI. This means specifying any necessary patches and setting S to point at the source code. You need to create a "configure" task that configures the unpacked kernel with a defconfig. You can do this by using a make defconfig command or more commonly by copying in a suitable defconfig file and and then running make oldconfig. By making use of "inherit kernel" and potentially some of the linux-*.inc files, most other functionality is centralized and the the defaults of the class normally work well. If you are extending an existing kernel, it is usually a matter of adding a suitable defconfig file. The file needs to be added into a location similar to defconfig files used for other machines in a given kernel. A possible way to do this is by listing the file in the SRC_URI and adding the machine to the expression in COMPATIBLE_MACHINE: COMPATIBLE_MACHINE = '(qemux86|qemumips)'

A formfactor configuration file provides information about the target hardware on which Poky is running and information that Poky cannot obtain from other sources such as the kernel. Some examples of information contained in a formfactor configuration file include framebuffer orientation, whether or not the system has a keyboard, the positioning of the keyboard in relation to the screen, and the screen resolution. Reasonable defaults are used in most cases, but if customization is necessary you need to create a machconfig file under meta/packages/formfactor/files/MACHINENAME/, where MACHINENAME is the name for which this information applies. For information about the settings available and the defaults, see meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/files/config. Following is an example for qemuarm: HAVE_TOUCHSCREEN=1 HAVE_KEYBOARD=1 DISPLAY_CAN_ROTATE=0 DISPLAY_ORIENTATION=0 #DISPLAY_WIDTH_PIXELS=640 #DISPLAY_HEIGHT_PIXELS=480 #DISPLAY_BPP=16 DISPLAY_DPI=150 DISPLAY_SUBPIXEL_ORDER=vrgb

Because Poky is extremely configurable and flexible, we recognize that people will want to extend, configure or optimize Poky for their specific uses. To best keep pace with future Poky changes we recommend you make controlled changes to Poky. Poky supports the idea of "layers". If you use layers properly you can ease future upgrades and allow segregation between the Poky core and a given developer's changes. The following section provides more advice on managing changes to Poky.

Often, people want to extend Poky either by adding packages or by overriding files contained within Poky to add their own functionality. BitBake has a powerful mechanism called "layers", which provides a way to handle this extension in a fully supported and non-invasive fashion. The Poky tree includes several additional layers such as meta-emenlow and meta-extras that demonstrate this functionality. The meta-emenlow layer is an example layer that, by default, is enabled. However, the meta-extras repository is not enabled by default. It is easy though to enable any layer. You simply add the layer's path to the BBLAYERS variable in your bblayers.conf file. The following example shows how to enable meta-extras in the Poky build: LCONF_VERSION = "1" BBFILES ?= "" BBLAYERS = " \ /path/to/poky/meta \ /path/to/poky/meta-emenlow \ /path/to/poky/meta-extras \ " BitBake parses each conf/layer.conf file for each layer in BBLAYERS and adds the recipes, classes and configuration contained within the layer to Poky. To create your own layer, independent of the main Poky repository, simply create a directory with a conf/layer.conf file and add the directory to your bblayers.conf file. The meta-emenlow/conf/layer.conf file demonstrates the required syntax: # We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH BBPATH := "${BBPATH}:${LAYERDIR}" # We have a recipes directory containing both .bb and .bbappend files, add to BBFILES BBFILES := "${BBFILES} ${LAYERDIR}/recipes/*/*.bb \ ${LAYERDIR}/recipes/*/*.bbappend" BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "emenlow" BBFILE_PATTERN_emenlow := "^${LAYERDIR}/" BBFILE_PRIORITY_emenlow = "6" In the previous example, the recipes for the layers are added to BBFILES. The BBFILE_COLLECTIONS variable is then appended with the layer name. The BBFILE_PATTERN variable immediately expands with a regular expression used to match files from BBFILES into a particular layer, in this case by using the base pathname. The BBFILE_PRIORITY variable then assigns different priorities to the files in different layers. Applying priorities is useful in situations where the same package might appear in multiple layers and allows you to choose what layer should take precedence. Note the use of the LAYERDIR variable with the immediate expansion operator. The LAYERDIR variable expands to the directory of the current layer and requires the immediate expansion operator so that BitBake does not wait to expand the variable when it's parsing a different directory. BitBake can locate where other bbclass and configuration files are applied through the BBPATH environment variable. For these cases, BitBake uses the first file with the matching name found in BBPATH. This is similar to the way the PATH variable is used for binaries. We recommend, therefore, that you use unique bbclass and configuration file names in your custom layer. We also recommend the following: Store custom layers in a git repository that uses the meta-prvt-XXXX format. Clone the repository alongside other meta directories in the Poky tree. Following these recommendations keeps your Poky tree and its configuration entirely inside POKYBASE.

Modifications to Poky are often managed under some kind of source revision control system. Because some simple practices can significantly improve usability, policy for committing changes is important. It helps to use a consistent documentation style when committing changes. We have found the following style works well. Following are suggestions for committing changes to the Poky core: The first line of the commit summarizes the change and begins with the name of the affected package or packages. However, not all changes apply to specific packages. Consequently, the prefix could also be a machine name or class name for example. The second part of the commit (if needed) is a longer more detailed description of the changes. Placing a blank line between the first and second parts helps with readability. Following is an example commit: bitbake/data.py: Add emit_func() and generate_dependencies() functions These functions allow generation of dependency data between functions and variables allowing moves to be made towards generating checksums and allowing use of the dependency information in other parts of bitbake. Signed-off-by: Richard Purdie richard.purdie@linuxfoundation.org All commits should be self-contained such that they leave the metadata in a consistent state that builds both before and after the commit is made. Besides being a good policy to follow, this helps ensure the autobuilder test results are valid.

If a committed change results in changing the package output then the value of the PR variable needs to be increased (or 'bumped') as part of that commit. This means that for new recipes you must be sure to add the PR variable and set its initial value equal to "r0". Failing to define PR makes it easy to miss when you bump a package. Note that you can only use integer values following the "r" in the PR variable. If you are sharing a common .inc file with multiple recipes, you can also use the INC_PR variable to ensure that the recipes sharing the .inc file are rebuilt when the .inc file itself is changed. The .inc file must set INC_PR (initially to "r0"), and all recipes referring to it should set PR to "$(INC_PR).0" initially, incrementing the last number when the recipe is changed. If the .inc file is changed then its INC_PR should be incremented. When upgrading the version of a package, assuming the PV changes, the PR variable should be reset to "r0" (or "$(INC_PR).0" if you are using INC_PR). Usually, version increases occur only to packages. However, if for some reason PV changes but does not increase, you can increase the PE variable (Package Epoch). The PE variable defaults to "0". Version numbering strives to follow the Debian Version Field Policy Guidelines. These guidelines define how versions are compared and what "increasing" a version means. There are two reasons for following these guidelines. First, to ensure that when a developer updates and rebuilds, they get all the changes to the repository and don't have to remember to rebuild any sections. Second, to ensure that target users are able to upgrade their devices using package manager commands such as opkg upgrade (or similar commands for dpkg/apt or rpm-based systems). The goal is to ensure Poky has upgradeable packages in all cases.

It might not be immediately clear how you can use Poky in a team environment, or scale it for a large team of developers. The specifics of any situation determine the best solution. Granted that Poky offers immense flexibility regarding this, practices do exist that experience has shown work well. The core component of any development effort with Poky is often an automated build testing framework and an image generation process. You can use these core components to check that the metadata can be built, highlight when commits break the build, and provide up-to-date images that allow people to test the end result and use it as a base platform for further development. Experience shows that buildbot is a good fit for this role. What works well is to configure buildbot to make two types of builds: incremental and full (from scratch). See poky autobuilder for an example implementation that uses buildbot. You can tie incremental builds to a commit hook that triggers the build each time a commit is made to the metadata. This practice results in useful acid tests that determine whether a given commit breaks the build in some serious way. Associating a build to a commit can catch a lot of simple errors. Furthermore, the tests are fast so developers can get quick feedback on changes. Full builds build and test everything from the ground up. They usually happen at predetermined times like during the night when the machine load is low. Most teams have many pieces of software undergoing active development at any given time. You can derive large benefits by putting these pieces under the control of a source control system that is compatible with Poky (i.e. git or svn). You can then set the autobuilder to pull the latest revisions of the packages and test the latest commits by the builds. This practice quickly highlights issues. Poky easily supports testing configurations that use both a stable known good revision and a floating revision. Poky can also take just the changes from specific source control branches. This capability allows you to track and test specific changes. Perhaps the hardest part of setting this up is defining the software project or Poky metadata policies that surround the different source control systems. Of course circumstances will be different in each case. However, this situation reveals one of Poky's advantages - the system itself does not force any particular policy on users, unlike a lot of build systems. The system allows the best policies to be chosen for the given circumstances.

Often, rather than re-flashing a new image you might wish to install updated packages into an existing running system. You can do this by first sharing the tmp/deploy/ipk/ directory through a web server and then by changing /etc/opkg/base-feeds.conf to point at the shared server. Following is an example: src/gz all http://www.mysite.com/somedir/deploy/ipk/all src/gz armv7a http://www.mysite.com/somedir/deploy/ipk/armv7a src/gz beagleboard http://www.mysite.com/somedir/deploy/ipk/beagleboard

Although Poky is usually used to build software, you can use it to modify software. During a build, source is available in the WORKDIR directory. The actual location depends on the type of package and the architecture of the target device. For a standard recipe not related to MACHINE the location is tmp/work/PACKAGE_ARCH-poky-TARGET_OS/PN-PV-PR/. For target device-dependent packages you should use the MACHINE variable instead of PACKAGE_ARCH in the directory name. Be sure the package recipe sets the S variable to something other than the standard WORKDIR/PN-PV/ value. After building a package, you can modify the package source code without problems. The easiest way to test your changes is by calling the "compile" task as shown in the following example: $ bitbake -c compile -f NAME_OF_PACKAGE The "-f" or "--force" option forces re-execution of the specified task. You can call other tasks this way as well. But note that all the modifications in WORKDIR are gone once you execute "-c clean" for a package.

By default Poky uses quilt to manage patches in the "do_patch" task. This is a powerful tool that you can use to track all modifications to package sources. Before modifying source code, it is important to notify quilt so it can track the changes into the new patch file: quilt new NAME-OF-PATCH.patch After notifying quilt, add all modified files into that patch: quilt add file1 file2 file3 You can now start editing. Once you are done editing, you need to use quilt to generate the final patch that will contain all your modifications. quilt refresh You can find the resulting patch file in the patches/ subdirectory of the source (S) directory. For future builds you should copy the patch into Poky metadata and add it into the SRC_URI of a recipe. Here is an example: SRC_URI += "file://NAME-OF-PATCH.patch" Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the PR value in the same recipe since the resulting packages have changed.

The license of an upstream project might change in the future. Poky uses the LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable to track license changes.

The LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable contains checksums of the license text in the recipe source code. Poky uses this to track changes in the license text of the source code files. Following is an example of LIC_FILES_CHKSUM: LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING; md5=xxxx \ file://licfile1.txt; beginline=5; endline=29;md5=yyyy \ file://licfile2.txt; endline=50;md5=zzzz \ ..." Poky uses the S variable as the default directory used when searching files listed in LIC_FILES_CHKSUM. The previous example employs the default directory. You can also use relative paths as shown in the following example: LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://src/ls.c;startline=5;endline=16;\ md5=bb14ed3c4cda583abc85401304b5cd4e" LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://../license.html;md5=5c94767cedb5d6987c902ac850ded2c6" In this example the first line locates a file in S/src/ls.c. The second line refers to a file in WORKDIR, which is the parent of S.

As mentioned in the previous section the LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable lists all the important files that contain the license text for the source code. Using this variable you can specify the line on which the license text starts and ends by supplying "beginline" and "endline" parameters. If you do not use the "beginline" parameter then it is assumed that the text begins on the first line of the file. Similarly, if you do not use the "endline" parameter it is assumed that the license text ends as the last line of the file. The "md5" parameter stores the md5 checksum of the license text. If the license text changes in any way as compared to this parameter then a mis-match occurs. This mismatch triggers a build failure and notifies the developer. Notification allows the developer to review and address the license text changes. Also note that if a mis-match occurs during the build, the correct md5 checksum is placed in the build log and can be easily copied to a .bb file. There is no limit to how many files you can specify using the LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable. Generally, however, every project requires a few specifications for license tracking. Many projects have a "COPYING" file that stores the license information for all the source code files. This practice allow you to just track the "COPYING" file as long as it is kept up to date. If you specify an empty or invalid "md5" parameter, BitBake returns an md5 mis-match error and displays the correct "md5" parameter value during the build. The correct parameter is also captured in the build log. If the whole file contains only license text, you do not need to use the "beginline" and "endline" parameters.

Sometimes a package name you are using might exist under an alias or as a similarly named package in a different distribution. Poky implements a "distro_check" task that automatically connects to major distributions and checks for these situations. If the package exists under a different name in a different distribution you get a distro_check mismatch. You can resolve this problem by defining a per-distro recipe name alias using the DISTRO_PN_ALIAS variable.

Following is an example that shows how you specify the DISTRO_PN_ALIAS variable: DISTRO_PN_ALIAS_pn-PACKAGENAME = "distro1=package_name_alias1 \ distro2=package_name_alias2 \ distro3=package_name_alias3 \ ..." If you have more than one distribution alias, separate them with a space. Note that Poky currently automatically checks the Fedora, OpenSuSE, Debian, Ubuntu, and Mandriva distributions for source package recipes without having to specify them using the DISTRO_PN_ALIAS variable. For example, the following command generates a report that lists the Linux distributions that include the sources for each of the Poky recipes. $ bitbake world -f -c distro_check The results are stored in the build/tmp/log/distro_check-${DATETIME}.results file.