%poky; ] > Test paragraph. Many development models exist for which you can use the Yocto Project. This chapter overviews simple methods that use tools provided by the Yocto Project: System Development: System Development covers Board Support Package (BSP) development and kernel modification or configuration. For an example on how to create a BSP, see the "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. For more complete information on how to work with the kernel, see the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. User Application Development: User Application Development covers development of applications that you intend to run on target hardware. For information on how to set up your host development system for user-space application development, see the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. For a simple example of user-space application development using the Eclipse IDE, see the "Application Development Workflow" section. Temporary Source Code Modification: Direct modification of temporary source code is a convenient development model to quickly iterate and develop towards a solution. Once you implement the solution, you should of course take steps to get the changes upstream and applied in the affected recipes. Image Development using Toaster: You can use Toaster to build custom operating system images within the build environment. Toaster provides an efficient interface to the OpenEmbedded build that allows you to start builds and examine build statistics. Image Development using Hob: You can use the Hob to build custom operating system images within the build environment. Hob provides an efficient interface to the OpenEmbedded build system. Using a Development Shell: You can use a devshell to efficiently debug commands or simply edit packages. Working inside a development shell is a quick way to set up the OpenEmbedded build environment to work on parts of a project.

System development involves modification or creation of an image that you want to run on a specific hardware target. Usually, when you want to create an image that runs on embedded hardware, the image does not require the same number of features that a full-fledged Linux distribution provides. Thus, you can create a much smaller image that is designed to use only the features for your particular hardware. To help you understand how system development works in the Yocto Project, this section covers two types of image development: BSP creation and kernel modification or configuration.

A BSP is a collection of recipes that, when applied during a build, results in an image that you can run on a particular board. Thus, the package when compiled into the new image, supports the operation of the board. For a brief list of terms used when describing the development process in the Yocto Project, see the "Yocto Project Terms" section. The remainder of this section presents the basic steps used to create a BSP using the Yocto Project's BSP Tools. Although not required for BSP creation, the meta-intel repository, which contains many BSPs supported by the Yocto Project, is part of the example. For an example that shows how to create a new layer using the tools, see the "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. The following illustration and list summarize the BSP creation general workflow. Set up your host development system to support development using the Yocto Project: See the "The Linux Distribution" and the "The Build Host Packages" sections both in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements. Establish a local copy of the project files on your system: You need this Source Directory available on your host system. Having these files on your system gives you access to the build process and to the tools you need. For information on how to set up the Source Directory, see the "Getting Set Up" section. Establish the meta-intel repository on your system: Having local copies of these supported BSP layers on your system gives you access to layers you might be able to build on or modify to create your BSP. For information on how to get these files, see the "Getting Set Up" section. Create your own BSP layer using the yocto-bsp script: Layers are ideal for isolating and storing work for a given piece of hardware. A layer is really just a location or area in which you place the recipes and configurations for your BSP. In fact, a BSP is, in itself, a special type of layer. The simplest way to create a new BSP layer that is compliant with the Yocto Project is to use the yocto-bsp script. For information about that script, see the "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" section in the Yocto Project Board Support (BSP) Developer's Guide. Another example that illustrates a layer is an application. Suppose you are creating an application that has library or other dependencies in order for it to compile and run. The layer, in this case, would be where all the recipes that define those dependencies are kept. The key point for a layer is that it is an isolated area that contains all the relevant information for the project that the OpenEmbedded build system knows about. For more information on layers, see the "Understanding and Creating Layers" section. For more information on BSP layers, see the "BSP Layers" section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. Five BSPs exist that are part of the Yocto Project release: genericx86, genericx86-64, beaglebone (ARM), mpc8315e (PowerPC), and edgerouter (MIPS). The recipes and configurations for these five BSPs are located and dispersed within the Source Directory. On the other hand, the meta-intel layer contains BSP layers for many supported BSPs (e.g. Crystal Forest, Emenlow, Fish River Island 2, Haswell, Jasper Forest, and so forth). Aside from the BSPs in the meta-intel layer, the Source Repositories contain additional BSP layers such as meta-minnow and meta-raspberrypi. When you set up a layer for a new BSP, you should follow a standard layout. This layout is described in the "Example Filesystem Layout" section of the Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide. In the standard layout, you will notice a suggested structure for recipes and configuration information. You can see the standard layout for a BSP by examining any supported BSP found in the meta-intel layer inside the Source Directory. Make configuration changes to your new BSP layer: The standard BSP layer structure organizes the files you need to edit in conf and several recipes-* directories within the BSP layer. Configuration changes identify where your new layer is on the local system and identify which kernel you are going to use. When you run the yocto-bsp script, you are able to interactively configure many things for the BSP (e.g. keyboard, touchscreen, and so forth). Make recipe changes to your new BSP layer: Recipe changes include altering recipes (.bb files), removing recipes you do not use, and adding new recipes or append files (.bbappend) that you need to support your hardware. Prepare for the build: Once you have made all the changes to your BSP layer, there remains a few things you need to do for the OpenEmbedded build system in order for it to create your image. You need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script (i.e. oe-init-build-env or oe-init-build-env-memres) and you need to be sure two key configuration files are configured appropriately: the conf/local.conf and the conf/bblayers.conf file. You must make the OpenEmbedded build system aware of your new layer. See the "Enabling Your Layer" section for information on how to let the build system know about your new layer. The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the section "Building Images" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. You might want to reference this information. Build the image: The OpenEmbedded build system uses the BitBake tool to build images based on the type of image you want to create. You can find more information about BitBake in the BitBake User Manual. The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs. See the "Images" chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images. You can view a video presentation on "Building Custom Embedded Images with Yocto" at Free Electrons. After going to the page, just search for "Embedded". You can also find supplemental information in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. Finally, there is helpful material and links on this wiki page. Although a bit dated, you might find the information on the wiki helpful.

Kernel modification involves changing the Yocto Project kernel, which could involve changing configuration options as well as adding new kernel recipes. Configuration changes can be added in the form of configuration fragments, while recipe modification comes through the kernel's recipes-kernel area in a kernel layer you create. The remainder of this section presents a high-level overview of the Yocto Project kernel architecture and the steps to modify the kernel. You can reference the "Patching the Kernel" section for an example that changes the source code of the kernel. For information on how to configure the kernel, see the "Configuring the Kernel" section. For more information on the kernel and on modifying the kernel, see the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.

Traditionally, when one thinks of a patched kernel, they think of a base kernel source tree and a fixed structure that contains kernel patches. The Yocto Project, however, employs mechanisms that, in a sense, result in a kernel source generator. By the end of this section, this analogy will become clearer. You can find a web interface to the Yocto Project kernel source repositories at . If you look at the interface, you will see to the left a grouping of Git repositories titled "Yocto Linux Kernel." Within this group, you will find several kernels supported by the Yocto Project: linux-yocto-3.8 - The stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.4. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.8 released kernel. linux-yocto-3.10 - An additional, unsupported Yocto Project kernel used with the Yocto Project Release 1.5. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.10 released kernel. linux-yocto-3.14 - The stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Releases 1.6 and 1.7. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.14 released kernel. linux-yocto-3.17 - An additional, unsupported Yocto Project kernel used with the Yocto Project Release 1.7. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.17 released kernel. linux-yocto-3.19 - The stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.8. This kernel is based on the Linux 3.19 released kernel. linux-yocto-dev - A development kernel based on the latest upstream release candidate available. The kernels are maintained using the Git revision control system that structures them using the familiar "tree", "branch", and "leaf" scheme. Branches represent diversions from general code to more specific code, while leaves represent the end-points for a complete and unique kernel whose source files, when gathered from the root of the tree to the leaf, accumulate to create the files necessary for a specific piece of hardware and its features. The following figure displays this concept: Within the figure, the "Kernel.org Branch Point" represents the point in the tree where a supported base kernel is modified from the Linux kernel. For example, this could be the branch point for the linux-yocto-3.19 kernel. Thus, everything further to the right in the structure is based on the linux-yocto-3.19 kernel. Branch points to the right in the figure represent where the linux-yocto-3.19 kernel is modified for specific hardware or types of kernels, such as real-time kernels. Each leaf thus represents the end-point for a kernel designed to run on a specific targeted device. The overall result is a Git-maintained repository from which all the supported kernel types can be derived for all the supported devices. A big advantage to this scheme is the sharing of common features by keeping them in "larger" branches within the tree. This practice eliminates redundant storage of similar features shared among kernels. Keep in mind the figure does not take into account all the supported Yocto Project kernel types, but rather shows a single generic kernel just for conceptual purposes. Also keep in mind that this structure represents the Yocto Project source repositories that are either pulled from during the build or established on the host development system prior to the build by either cloning a particular kernel's Git repository or by downloading and unpacking a tarball. Upstream storage of all the available kernel source code is one thing, while representing and using the code on your host development system is another. Conceptually, you can think of the kernel source repositories as all the source files necessary for all the supported kernels. As a developer, you are just interested in the source files for the kernel on which you are working. And, furthermore, you need them available on your host system. Kernel source code is available on your host system a couple of different ways. If you are working in the kernel all the time, you probably would want to set up your own local Git repository of the kernel tree. If you just need to make some patches to the kernel, you can access temporary kernel source files that were extracted and used during a build. We will just talk about working with the temporary source code. For more information on how to get kernel source code onto your host system, see the "Yocto Project Kernel" bulleted item earlier in the manual. What happens during the build? When you build the kernel on your development system, all files needed for the build are taken from the source repositories pointed to by the SRC_URI variable and gathered in a temporary work area where they are subsequently used to create the unique kernel. Thus, in a sense, the process constructs a local source tree specific to your kernel to generate the new kernel image - a source generator if you will. The following figure shows the temporary file structure created on your host system when the build occurs. This Build Directory contains all the source files used during the build. Again, for additional information on the Yocto Project kernel's architecture and its branching strategy, see the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. You can also reference the "Patching the Kernel" section for a detailed example that modifies the kernel.

This illustration and the following list summarizes the kernel modification general workflow. Set up your host development system to support development using the Yocto Project: See "The Linux Distribution" and "The Build Host Packages" sections both in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements. Establish a local copy of project files on your system: Having the Source Directory on your system gives you access to the build process and tools you need. For information on how to get these files, see the bulleted item "Yocto Project Release" earlier in this manual. Establish the temporary kernel source files: Temporary kernel source files are kept in the Build Directory created by the OpenEmbedded build system when you run BitBake. If you have never built the kernel in which you are interested, you need to run an initial build to establish local kernel source files. If you are building an image for the first time, you need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script (i.e. oe-init-build-env or oe-init-build-env-memres). You also need to be sure two key configuration files (local.conf and bblayers.conf) are configured appropriately. The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the "Building Images" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. You might want to reference this information. You can find more information on BitBake in the BitBake User Manual. The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs. See the "Images" chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images. Make changes to the kernel source code if applicable: Modifying the kernel does not always mean directly changing source files. However, if you have to do this, you make the changes to the files in the Build Directory. Make kernel configuration changes if applicable: If your situation calls for changing the kernel's configuration, you can use menuconfig, which allows you to interactively develop and test the configuration changes you are making to the kernel. Saving changes you make with menuconfig updates the kernel's .config file. Try to resist the temptation to directly edit an existing .config file, which is found in the Build Directory at tmp/sysroots/machine-name/kernel. Doing so, can produce unexpected results when the OpenEmbedded build system regenerates the configuration file. Once you are satisfied with the configuration changes made using menuconfig and you have saved them, you can directly compare the resulting .config file against an existing original and gather those changes into a configuration fragment file to be referenced from within the kernel's .bbappend file. Additionally, if you are working in a BSP layer and need to modify the BSP's kernel's configuration, you can use the yocto-kernel script as well as menuconfig. The yocto-kernel script lets you interactively set up kernel configurations. Rebuild the kernel image with your changes: Rebuilding the kernel image applies your changes.

Application development involves creating an application that you want to run on your target hardware, which is running a kernel image created using the OpenEmbedded build system. The Yocto Project provides an Application Development Toolkit (ADT) and stand-alone cross-development toolchains that facilitate quick development and integration of your application into its runtime environment. Using the ADT and toolchains, you can compile and link your application. You can then deploy your application to the actual hardware or to the QEMU emulator for testing. If you are familiar with the popular Eclipse IDE, you can use an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to allow you to develop, deploy, and test your application all from within Eclipse. While we strongly suggest using the ADT to develop your application, this option might not be best for you. If this is the case, you can still use pieces of the Yocto Project for your development process. However, because the process can vary greatly, this manual does not provide detail on the process.

To help you understand how application development works using the ADT, this section provides an overview of the general development process and a detailed example of the process as it is used from within the Eclipse IDE. The following illustration and list summarize the application development general workflow. Prepare the host system for the Yocto Project: See "Supported Linux Distributions" and "Required Packages for the Host Development System" sections both in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for requirements. In particular, be sure your host system has the xterm package installed. Secure the Yocto Project kernel target image: You must have a target kernel image that has been built using the OpenEmbedded build system. Depending on whether the Yocto Project has a pre-built image that matches your target architecture and where you are going to run the image while you develop your application (QEMU or real hardware), the area from which you get the image differs. Download the image from machines if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop and test your application on actual hardware. Download the image from machines/qemu if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop and test your application using the QEMU emulator. Build your image if you cannot find a pre-built image that matches your target architecture. If your target architecture is similar to a supported architecture, you can modify the kernel image before you build it. See the "Patching the Kernel" section for an example. For information on pre-built kernel image naming schemes for images that can run on the QEMU emulator, see the "Downloading the Pre-Built Linux Kernel" section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. Install the ADT: The ADT provides a target-specific cross-development toolchain, the root filesystem, the QEMU emulator, and other tools that can help you develop your application. While it is possible to get these pieces separately, the ADT Installer provides an easy, inclusive method. You can get these pieces by running an ADT installer script, which is configurable. For information on how to install the ADT, see the "Using the ADT Installer" section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. If applicable, secure the target root filesystem and the Cross-development toolchain: If you choose not to install the ADT using the ADT Installer, you need to find and download the appropriate root filesystem and the cross-development toolchain. You can find the tarballs for the root filesystem in the same area used for the kernel image. Depending on the type of image you are running, the root filesystem you need differs. For example, if you are developing an application that runs on an image that supports Sato, you need to get a root filesystem that supports Sato. You can find the cross-development toolchains at toolchains. Be sure to get the correct toolchain for your development host and your target architecture. See the "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information and the "Installing the Toolchain" in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information on finding and installing the correct toolchain based on your host development system and your target architecture. Create and build your application: At this point, you need to have source files for your application. Once you have the files, you can use the Eclipse IDE to import them and build the project. If you are not using Eclipse, you need to use the cross-development tools you have installed to create the image. Deploy the image with the application: If you are using the Eclipse IDE, you can deploy your image to the hardware or to QEMU through the project's preferences. If you are not using the Eclipse IDE, then you need to deploy the application to the hardware using other methods. Or, if you are using QEMU, you need to use that tool and load your image in for testing. See the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter for information on using QEMU. Test and debug the application: Once your application is deployed, you need to test it. Within the Eclipse IDE, you can use the debugging environment along with the set of user-space tools installed along with the ADT to debug your application. Of course, the same user-space tools are available separately if you choose not to use the Eclipse IDE.

The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully supports development using the Yocto Project. This release of the Yocto Project supports both the Luna and Kepler versions of the Eclipse IDE. Thus, the following information provides setup information for both versions. When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience. Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment that has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily develop software. These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and execution of your output into a QEMU emulation session as well as actual target hardware. You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling. The environment also supports a suite of tools that allows you to perform remote profiling, tracing, collection of power data, collection of latency data, and collection of performance data. This section describes how to install and configure the Eclipse IDE Yocto Plug-in and how to use it to develop your application.

To develop within the Eclipse IDE, you need to do the following: Install the optimal version of the Eclipse IDE. Configure the Eclipse IDE. Install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in. Configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in. Do not install Eclipse from your distribution's package repository. Be sure to install Eclipse from the official Eclipse download site as directed in the next section.

It is recommended that you have the Luna SR2 (4.4.2) version of the Eclipse IDE installed on your development system. However, if you currently have the Kepler 4.3.2 version installed and you do not want to upgrade the IDE, you can configure Kepler to work with the Yocto Project. If you do not have the Luna SR2 (4.4.2) Eclipse IDE installed, you can find the tarball at . From that site, choose the appropriate download from the "Eclipse IDE for C/C++ Developers". This version contains the Eclipse Platform, the Java Development Tools (JDT), and the Plug-in Development Environment. Once you have downloaded the tarball, extract it into a clean directory. For example, the following commands unpack and install the downloaded Eclipse IDE tarball into a clean directory using the default name eclipse: $ cd ~ $ tar -xzvf ~/Downloads/eclipse-cpp-luna-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz

This section presents the steps needed to configure the Eclipse IDE. Before installing and configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in, you need to configure the Eclipse IDE. Follow these general steps: Start the Eclipse IDE. Make sure you are in your Workbench and select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu. Select Luna - &ECLIPSE_LUNA_URL; from the "Work with:" pull-down menu. For Kepler, select Kepler - &ECLIPSE_KEPLER_URL; Expand the box next to "Linux Tools" and select the Linux Tools LTTng Tracer Control, Linux Tools LTTng Userspace Analysis, and LTTng Kernel Analysis boxes. If these selections do not appear in the list, that means the items are already installed. For Kepler, select LTTng - Linux Tracing Toolkit box. Expand the box next to "Mobile and Device Development" and select the following boxes. Again, if any of the following items are not available for selection, that means the items are already installed: C/C++ Remote Launch (Requires RSE Remote System Explorer) Remote System Explorer End-user Runtime Remote System Explorer User Actions Target Management Terminal (Core SDK) TCF Remote System Explorer add-in TCF Target Explorer Expand the box next to "Programming Languages" and select the C/C++ Autotools Support and C/C++ Development Tools boxes. For Luna, these items do not appear on the list as they are already installed. Complete the installation and restart the Eclipse IDE.

You can install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE one of two ways: use the Yocto Project's Eclipse Update site to install the pre-built plug-in or build and install the plug-in from the latest source code.

To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the update site, follow these steps: Start up the Eclipse IDE. In Eclipse, select "Install New Software" from the "Help" menu. Click "Add..." in the "Work with:" area. Enter &ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;/luna in the URL field and provide a meaningful name in the "Name" field. If you are using Kepler, use &ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;/kepler in the URL field. Click "OK" to have the entry added to the "Work with:" drop-down list. Select the entry for the plug-in from the "Work with:" drop-down list. Check the boxes next to Yocto Project ADT Plug-in, Yocto Project Bitbake Commander Plug-in, and Yocto Project Documentation plug-in. Complete the remaining software installation steps and then restart the Eclipse IDE to finish the installation of the plug-in. You can click "OK" when prompted about installing software that contains unsigned content.

To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the latest source code, follow these steps: Be sure your development system is not using OpenJDK to build the plug-in by doing the following: Use the Oracle JDK. If you don't have that, go to and download the latest appropriate Java SE Development Kit tarball for your development system and extract it into your home directory. In the shell you are going to do your work, export the location of the Oracle Java. The previous step creates a new folder for the extracted software. You need to use the following export command and provide the specific location: export PATH=~/extracted_jdk_location/bin:$PATH In the same shell, create a Git repository with: $ cd ~ $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky Be sure to checkout the correct tag. For example, if you are using Luna, do the following: $ git checkout luna/yocto-&DISTRO; This puts you in a detached HEAD state, which is fine since you are only going to be building and not developing. If you are building kepler, checkout the kepler/yocto-&DISTRO; branch. Change to the scripts directory within the Git repository: $ cd scripts Set up the local build environment by running the setup script: $ ./setup.sh When the script finishes execution, it prompts you with instructions on how to run the build.sh script, which is also in the scripts directory of the Git repository created earlier. Run the build.sh script as directed. Be sure to provide the tag name, documentation branch, and a release name. Here is an example that uses the luna/yocto-&DISTRO; tag, the master documentation branch, and &DISTRO_NAME; for the release name: $ ECLIPSE_HOME=/home/scottrif/eclipse-poky/scripts/eclipse ./build.sh luna/yocto-&DISTRO; master &DISTRO_NAME; 2>&1 | tee -a build.log After running the script, the file org.yocto.sdk-release-date-archive.zip is in the current directory. If necessary, start the Eclipse IDE and be sure you are in the Workbench. Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu. Click "Add". Provide anything you want in the "Name" field. Click "Archive" and browse to the ZIP file you built in step eight. This ZIP file should not be "unzipped", and must be the *archive.zip file created by running the build.sh script. Click the "OK" button. Check the boxes that appear in the installation window to install the Yocto Project ADT Plug-in, Yocto Project Bitbake Commander Plug-in, and the Yocto Project Documentation plug-in. Finish the installation by clicking through the appropriate buttons. You can click "OK" when prompted about installing software that contains unsigned content. Restart the Eclipse IDE if necessary. At this point you should be able to configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in as described in the "Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section.

Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in involves setting the Cross Compiler options and the Target options. The configurations you choose become the default settings for all projects. You do have opportunities to change them later when you configure the project (see the following section). To start, you need to do the following from within the Eclipse IDE: Choose "Preferences" from the "Window" menu to display the Preferences Dialog. Click "Yocto Project ADT" to display the configuration screen.

To configure the Cross Compiler Options, you must select the type of toolchain, point to the toolchain, specify the sysroot location, and select the target architecture. Selecting the Toolchain Type: Choose between Standalone pre-built toolchain and Build system derived toolchain for Cross Compiler Options. Standalone Pre-built Toolchain: Select this mode when you are using a stand-alone cross-toolchain. For example, suppose you are an application developer and do not need to build a target image. Instead, you just want to use an architecture-specific toolchain on an existing kernel and target root filesystem. Build System Derived Toolchain: Select this mode if the cross-toolchain has been installed and built as part of the Build Directory. When you select Build system derived toolchain, you are using the toolchain bundled inside the Build Directory. Point to the Toolchain: If you are using a stand-alone pre-built toolchain, you should be pointing to where it is installed. If you used the ADT Installer script and accepted the default installation directory, the toolchain will be installed in the &YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR; directory. Sections "Configuring and Running the ADT Installer Script" and "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide describe how to install a stand-alone cross-toolchain. If you are using a system-derived toolchain, the path you provide for the Toolchain Root Location field is the Build Directory. See the "Using BitBake and the Build Directory" section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information on how to install the toolchain into the Build Directory. Specify the Sysroot Location: This location is where the root filesystem for the target hardware resides. If you used the ADT Installer script and accepted the default installation directory, then the location in your home directory in a folder named test-yocto/target_arch. Additionally, when you use the ADT Installer script, the /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/sysroots location is used for the QEMU user-space tools and the NFS boot process. If you used either of the other two methods to install the toolchain or did not accept the ADT Installer script's default installation directory, then the location of the sysroot filesystem depends on where you separately extracted and installed the filesystem. For information on how to install the toolchain and on how to extract and install the sysroot filesystem, see the "Installing the ADT and Toolchains" section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. Select the Target Architecture: The target architecture is the type of hardware you are going to use or emulate. Use the pull-down Target Architecture menu to make your selection. The pull-down menu should have the supported architectures. If the architecture you need is not listed in the menu, you will need to build the image. See the "Building Images" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start for more information.

You can choose to emulate hardware using the QEMU emulator, or you can choose to run your image on actual hardware. QEMU: Select this option if you will be using the QEMU emulator. If you are using the emulator, you also need to locate the kernel and specify any custom options. If you selected Build system derived toolchain, the target kernel you built will be located in the Build Directory in tmp/deploy/images/machine directory. If you selected Standalone pre-built toolchain, the pre-built image you downloaded is located in the directory you specified when you downloaded the image. Most custom options are for advanced QEMU users to further customize their QEMU instance. These options are specified between paired angled brackets. Some options must be specified outside the brackets. In particular, the options serial, nographic, and kvm must all be outside the brackets. Use the man qemu command to get help on all the options and their use. The following is an example: serial ‘<-m 256 -full-screen>’ Regardless of the mode, Sysroot is already defined as part of the Cross-Compiler Options configuration in the Sysroot Location: field. External HW: Select this option if you will be using actual hardware. Click the "OK" to save your plug-in configurations.

You can create two types of projects: Autotools-based, or Makefile-based. This section describes how to create Autotools-based projects from within the Eclipse IDE. For information on creating Makefile-based projects in a terminal window, see the section "Using the Command Line" in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. Do not use special characters in project names (e.g. spaces, underscores, etc.). Doing so can cause configuration to fail. To create a project based on a Yocto template and then display the source code, follow these steps: Select "Project" from the "File -> New" menu. Double click CC++. Double click C Project to create the project. Expand Yocto Project ADT Autotools Project. Select Hello World ANSI C Autotools Project. This is an Autotools-based project based on a Yocto template. Put a name in the Project name: field. Do not use hyphens as part of the name. Click "Next". Add information in the Author and Copyright notice fields. Be sure the License field is correct. Click "Finish". If the "open perspective" prompt appears, click "Yes" so that you in the C/C++ perspective. The left-hand navigation pane shows your project. You can display your source by double clicking the project's source file.

The earlier section, "Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in", sets up the default project configurations. You can override these settings for a given project by following these steps: Select "Change Yocto Project Settings" from the "Project" menu. This selection brings up the Yocto Project Settings Dialog and allows you to make changes specific to an individual project. By default, the Cross Compiler Options and Target Options for a project are inherited from settings you provided using the Preferences Dialog as described earlier in the "Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section. The Yocto Project Settings Dialog allows you to override those default settings for a given project. Make your configurations for the project and click "OK". Right-click in the navigation pane and select "Reconfigure Project" from the pop-up menu. This selection reconfigures the project by running autogen.sh in the workspace for your project. The script also runs libtoolize, aclocal, autoconf, autoheader, automake --a, and ./configure. Click on the "Console" tab beneath your source code to see the results of reconfiguring your project.

To build the project select "Build Project" from the "Project" menu. The console should update and you can note the cross-compiler you are using. When building "Yocto Project ADT Autotools" projects, the Eclipse IDE might display error messages for Functions/Symbols/Types that cannot be "resolved", even when the related include file is listed at the project navigator and when the project is able to build. For these cases only, it is recommended to add a new linked folder to the appropriate sysroot. Use these steps to add the linked folder: Select the project. Select "Folder" from the File > New menu. In the "New Folder" Dialog, select "Link to alternate location (linked folder)". Click "Browse" to navigate to the include folder inside the same sysroot location selected in the Yocto Project configuration preferences. Click "OK". Click "Finish" to save the linked folder.

To start the QEMU emulator from within Eclipse, follow these steps: See the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter for more information on using QEMU. Expose and select "External Tools" from the "Run" menu. Your image should appear as a selectable menu item. Select your image from the menu to launch the emulator in a new window. If needed, enter your host root password in the shell window at the prompt. This sets up a Tap 0 connection needed for running in user-space NFS mode. Wait for QEMU to launch. Once QEMU launches, you can begin operating within that environment. One useful task at this point would be to determine the IP Address for the user-space NFS by using the ifconfig command.

Once the QEMU emulator is running the image, you can deploy your application using the Eclipse IDE and then use the emulator to perform debugging. Follow these steps to deploy the application. Select "Debug Configurations..." from the "Run" menu. In the left area, expand C/C++Remote Application. Locate your project and select it to bring up a new tabbed view in the Debug Configurations Dialog. Enter the absolute path into which you want to deploy the application. Use the "Remote Absolute File Path for C/C++Application:" field. For example, enter /usr/bin/programname. Click on the "Debugger" tab to see the cross-tool debugger you are using. Click on the "Main" tab. Create a new connection to the QEMU instance by clicking on "new". Select TCF, which means Target Communication Framework. Click "Next". Clear out the "host name" field and enter the IP Address determined earlier. Click "Finish" to close the New Connections Dialog. Use the drop-down menu now in the "Connection" field and pick the IP Address you entered. Click "Debug" to bring up a login screen and login. Accept the debug perspective.

As mentioned earlier in the manual, several tools exist that enhance your development experience. These tools are aids in developing and debugging applications and images. You can run these user-space tools from within the Eclipse IDE through the "YoctoProjectTools" menu. Once you pick a tool, you need to configure it for the remote target. Every tool needs to have the connection configured. You must select an existing TCF-based RSE connection to the remote target. If one does not exist, click "New" to create one. Here are some specifics about the remote tools: OProfile: Selecting this tool causes the oprofile-server on the remote target to launch on the local host machine. The oprofile-viewer must be installed on the local host machine and the oprofile-server must be installed on the remote target, respectively, in order to use. You must compile and install the oprofile-viewer from the source code on your local host machine. Furthermore, in order to convert the target's sample format data into a form that the host can use, you must have OProfile version 0.9.4 or greater installed on the host. You can locate both the viewer and server from . You can also find more information on setting up and using this tool in the "oprofile" section of the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. The oprofile-server is installed by default on the core-image-sato-sdk image. Lttng2.0 trace import: Selecting this tool transfers the remote target's Lttng tracing data back to the local host machine and uses the Lttng Eclipse plug-in to graphically display the output. For information on how to use Lttng to trace an application, see and the "LTTng (Linux Trace Toolkit, next generation)" section, which is in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. Do not use Lttng-user space (legacy) tool. This tool no longer has any upstream support. Before you use the Lttng2.0 trace import tool, you need to setup the Lttng Eclipse plug-in and create a Tracing project. Do the following: Select "Open Perspective" from the "Window" menu and then select "Other..." to bring up a menu of other perspectives. Choose "Tracing". Click "OK" to change the Eclipse perspective into the Tracing perspective. Create a new Tracing project by selecting "Project" from the "File -> New" menu. Choose "Tracing Project" from the "Tracing" menu and click "Next". Provide a name for your tracing project and click "Finish". Generate your tracing data on the remote target. Select "Lttng2.0 trace import" from the "Yocto Project Tools" menu to start the data import process. Specify your remote connection name. For the Ust directory path, specify the location of your remote tracing data. Make sure the location ends with ust (e.g. /usr/mysession/ust). Click "OK" to complete the import process. The data is now in the local tracing project you created. Right click on the data and then use the menu to Select "Generic CTF Trace" from the "Trace Type... -> Common Trace Format" menu to map the tracing type. Right click the mouse and select "Open" to bring up the Eclipse Lttng Trace Viewer so you view the tracing data. PowerTOP: Selecting this tool runs PowerTOP on the remote target machine and displays the results in a new view called PowerTOP. The "Time to gather data(sec):" field is the time passed in seconds before data is gathered from the remote target for analysis. The "show pids in wakeups list:" field corresponds to the -p argument passed to PowerTOP. LatencyTOP and Perf: LatencyTOP identifies system latency, while Perf monitors the system's performance counter registers. Selecting either of these tools causes an RSE terminal view to appear from which you can run the tools. Both tools refresh the entire screen to display results while they run. For more information on setting up and using perf, see the "perf" section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. SystemTap: Systemtap is a tool that lets you create and reuse scripts to examine the activities of a live Linux system. You can easily extract, filter, and summarize data that helps you diagnose complex performance or functional problems. For more information on setting up and using SystemTap, see the SystemTap Documentation. yocto-bsp: The yocto-bsp tool lets you quickly set up a Board Support Package (BSP) layer. The tool requires a Metadata location, build location, BSP name, BSP output location, and a kernel architecture. For more information on the yocto-bsp tool outside of Eclipse, see the "Creating a new BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide.

If you want to develop an application without prior installation of the ADT, you still can employ the Cross Development Toolchain, the QEMU emulator, and a number of supported target image files. You just need to follow these general steps: Install the cross-development toolchain for your target hardware: For information on how to install the toolchain, see the "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. Download the Target Image: The Yocto Project supports several target architectures and has many pre-built kernel images and root filesystem images. If you are going to develop your application on hardware, go to the machines download area and choose a target machine area from which to download the kernel image and root filesystem. This download area could have several files in it that support development using actual hardware. For example, the area might contain .hddimg files that combine the kernel image with the filesystem, boot loaders, and so forth. Be sure to get the files you need for your particular development process. If you are going to develop your application and then run and test it using the QEMU emulator, go to the machines/qemu download area. From this area, go down into the directory for your target architecture (e.g. qemux86_64 for an Intel-based 64-bit architecture). Download kernel, root filesystem, and any other files you need for your process. In order to use the root filesystem in QEMU, you need to extract it. See the "Extracting the Root Filesystem" section for information on how to extract the root filesystem. Develop and Test your Application: At this point, you have the tools to develop your application. If you need to separately install and use the QEMU emulator, you can go to QEMU Home Page to download and learn about the emulator. You can see the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter for information on using QEMU within the Yocto Project.

A common development workflow consists of modifying project source files that are external to the Yocto Project and then integrating that project's build output into an image built using the OpenEmbedded build system. Given this scenario, development engineers typically want to stick to their familiar project development tools and methods, which allows them to just focus on the project. Several workflows exist that allow you to develop, build, and test code that is going to be integrated into an image built using the OpenEmbedded build system. This section describes two: devtool: A set of tools to aid in working on the source code built by the OpenEmbedded build system. Section "Using devtool in Your Workflow" describes this workflow. If you want more information that showcases the workflow, click here for an excellent presentation by Trevor Woerner that provides detailed background information and a complete working tutorial. Quilt: A powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having a clean source tree. While Quilt is not the preferred workflow of the two, this section includes it for users that are committed to using the tool. See the "Using Quilt in Your Workflow" section for more information.

As mentioned earlier, devtool helps you easily develop projects whose build output must be part of an image built using the OpenEmbedded build system. Three entry points exist that allow you develop using devtool: devtool add devtool modify devtool upgrade The remainder of this section presents these workflows.

The devtool add command generates a new recipe based on existing source code. This command takes advantage of the workspace layer that many devtool commands use. The command is flexible enough to allow you to extract source code into both the workspace or a separate local Git repository and to use existing code that does not need to be extracted. Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options you use with devtool add form different combinations. The following diagram shows common development flows you would use with the devtool add command: Generating the New Recipe: The top part of the flow shows three scenarios by which you could use devtool add to generate a recipe based on existing source code. In a shared development environment, it is typical where other developers are responsible for various areas of source code. As a developer, you are probably interested in using that source code as part of your development using the Yocto Project. All you need is access to the code, a recipe, and a controlled area in which to do your work. Within the diagram, three possible scenarios feed into the devtool add workflow: Left: The left scenario represents a common situation where the source code does not exist locally and needs to be extracted. In this situation, you just let it get extracted to the default workspace - you do not want it in some specific location outside of the workspace. Thus, everything you need will be located in the workspace: $ devtool add recipe fetchuri With this command, devtool creates a recipe and an append file in the workspace as well as extracts the upstream source files into a local Git repository also within the sources folder. Middle: The middle scenario also represents a situation where the source code does not exist locally. In this case, the code is again upstream and needs to be extracted to some local area - this time outside of the default workspace. As always, if required devtool creates a Git repository locally during the extraction. Furthermore, the first positional argument srctree in this case identifies where the devtool add command will locate the extracted code outside of the workspace: $ devtool add srctree fetchuri In summary, the source code is pulled from fetchuri and extracted into the location defined by srctree as a local Git repository. Within workspace, devtool creates both the recipe and an append file for the recipe. Right: The right scenario represents a situation where the source tree (srctree) has been previously prepared outside of the devtool workspace. The following command names the recipe and identifies where the existing source tree is located: $ devtool add recipe srctree The command examines the source code and creates a recipe for it placing the recipe into the workspace. Because the extracted source code already exists, devtool does not try to relocate it into the workspace - just the new the recipe is placed in the workspace. Aside from a recipe folder, the command also creates an append folder and places an initial *.bbappend within. Edit the Recipe: At this point, you can use devtool edit-recipe to open up the editor as defined by the $EDITOR environment variable and modify the file: $ devtool edit-recipe recipe From within the editor, you can make modifications to the recipe that take affect when you build it later. Build the Recipe or Rebuild the Image: At this point in the flow, the next step you take depends on what you are going to do with the new code. If you need to take the build output and eventually move it to the target hardware, you would use devtool build: You could use bitbake to build the recipe as well. $ devtool build recipe On the other hand, if you want an image to contain the recipe's packages for immediate deployment onto a device (e.g. for testing purposes), you can use the devtool build-image command: $ devtool build-image image Deploy the Build Output: When you use the devtool build command to build out your recipe, you probably want to see if the resulting build output works as expected on target hardware. This step assumes you have a previously built image that is already either running in QEMU or running on actual hardware. Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if the image is running on real hardware that you have network access to and from your development machine. You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by using the devtool deploy-target command: $ devtool deploy-target recipe target The target is a live target machine running as an SSH server. You can, of course, also deploy the image you build using the devtool build-image command to actual hardware. However, devtool does not provide a specific command that allows you to do this. Optionally Update the Recipe With Patch Files: Once you are satisfied with the recipe, if you have made any changes to the source tree that you want to have applied by the recipe, you need to generate patches from those changes. You do this before moving the recipe to its final layer and cleaning up the workspace area devtool uses. This optional step is especially relevant if you are using or adding third-party software. To convert commits created using Git to patch files, use the devtool update-recipe command. Any changes you want to turn into patches must be committed to the Git repository in the source tree. $ devtool update-recipe recipe Move the Recipe to its Permanent Layer: Before cleaning up the workspace, you need to move the final recipe to its permanent layer. You must do this before using the devtool reset command if you want to retain the recipe. Reset the Recipe: As a final step, you can restore the state such that standard layers and the upstream source is used to build the recipe rather than data in the workspace. To reset the recipe, use the devtool reset command: $ devtool reset recipe

The devtool modify command prepares the way to work on existing code that already has a recipe in place. The command is flexible enough to allow you to extract code, specify the existing recipe, and keep track of and gather any patch files from other developers that are associated with the code. Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options you use with devtool modify form different combinations. The following diagram shows common development flows you would use with the devtool modify command: Preparing to Modify the Code: The top part of the flow shows three scenarios by which you could use devtool modify to prepare to work on source files. Each scenario assumes the following: The recipe exists in some layer external to the devtool workspace. The source files exist upstream in an un-extracted state or locally in a previously extracted state. The typical situation is where another developer has created some layer for use with the Yocto Project and their recipe already resides in that layer. Furthermore, their source code is readily available either upstream or locally. Left: The left scenario represents a common situation where the source code does not exist locally and needs to be extracted. In this situation, the source is extracted into the default workspace location. The recipe, in this scenario, is in its own layer outside the workspace (i.e. meta-layername). The following command identifies the recipe and instructs devtool to extract the source files using the "-x" option: $ devtool modify -x recipe Once devtoollocates the recipe, it uses the SRC_URI variable to locate the source code and any local patch files from other developers are located. You cannot provide an URL for srctree when using the devtool modify command. With this scenario, however, since no srctree argument exists, the devtool modify command extracts the source files to a Git structure using the default location within the workspace. The result is that the command set up both the source code and an append file within the workspace with the recipe remaining in its original location. Middle: The middle scenario represents a situation where the source code also does not exist locally. In this case, the code is again upstream and needs to be extracted to some local area as a Git repository. The recipe, in this scenario, is again in its own layer outside the workspace. The following command tells devtool what recipe with which to work and also uses the "-x" option to instruct devtool to locate and extract the source code: $ devtool modify -x recipe srctree As with all extractions, the command uses the recipe's SRC_URI to locate the source files. Once the files are located, the command extracts them to the location specified by srctree. Within workspace, devtool creates an append file for the recipe. The recipe remains in its original location but the source files are extracted to the location you provided with srctree. Right: The right scenario represents a situation where the source tree (srctree) exists as a previously extracted Git structure outside of the devtool workspace. In this example, the recipe also exists elsewhere in its own layer. The following command tells devtool the recipe with which to work and uses srctree to point to the previously extracted source files: $ devtool modify recipe srctree Once the command finishes, it creates only an append file for the recipe in the workspace. The recipe and the source code remain in their original locations. Edit the Source: Once you have used the devtool modify command, you are free to make changes to the source files. You can use any editor you like to make and save your source code modifications. Build the Recipe: Once you have updated the source files, you can build the recipe. You can either use devtool build or bitbake. Either method produces build output that is stored in TMPDIR. Deploy the Build Output: When you use the devtool build command or bitbake to build out your recipe, you probably want to see if the resulting build output works as expected on target hardware. This step assumes you have a previously built image that is already either running in QEMU or running on actual hardware. Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if the image is running on real hardware that you have network access to and from your development machine. You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by using the devtool deploy-target command: $ devtool deploy-target recipe target The target is a live target machine running as an SSH server. You can, of course, also deploy the image you build using the devtool build-image command to actual hardware. However, devtool does not provide a specific command that allows you to do this. Optionally Create Patch Files for Your Changes: After you have debugged your changes, you can use devtool update-recipe to generate patch files for all the commits you have made. Patch files are generated only for changes you have committed. $ devtool update-recipe recipe By default, the devtool update-recipe command creates the patch files in a folder named the same as the recipe beneath the folder in which the recipe resides, and updates the recipe's SRC_URI statement to point to the generated patch files. You can use the "--append LAYERDIR" option to cause the command to create append files in a specific layer rather than the default recipe layer. Restore the Workspace: The devtool reset restores the state so that standard layers and upstream sources are used to build the recipe rather than what is in the workspace. $ devtool reset recipe

devtool has more functionality than simply adding a new recipe and the supporting Metadata to a temporary workspace layer. This section provides a short reference on devtool and its commands.

The easiest way to get help with the devtool command is using the --help option: usage: devtool [--basepath BASEPATH] [--bbpath BBPATH] [-d] [-q] [--color COLOR] [-h] <subcommand> ... OpenEmbedded development tool optional arguments: --basepath BASEPATH Base directory of SDK / build directory --bbpath BBPATH Explicitly specify the BBPATH, rather than getting it from the metadata -d, --debug Enable debug output -q, --quiet Print only errors --color COLOR Colorize output (where COLOR is auto, always, never) -h, --help show this help message and exit subcommands: <subcommand> create-workspace Set up workspace in an alternative location upgrade Upgrade an existing recipe deploy-target Deploy recipe output files to live target machine undeploy-target Undeploy recipe output files in live target machine search Search available recipes build Build a recipe edit-recipe Edit a recipe file in your workspace configure-help Get help on configure script options add Add a new recipe modify Modify the source for an existing recipe extract Extract the source for an existing recipe sync Synchronize the source tree for an existing recipe update-recipe Apply changes from external source tree to recipe status Show workspace status reset Remove a recipe from your workspace build-image Build image including workspace recipe packages Use devtool <subcommand> --help to get help on a specific command As directed in the general help output, you can get more syntax on a specific command by providing the command name and using --help: $ devtool add --help usage: devtool add [-h] [--same-dir | --no-same-dir] [--fetch URI] [--version VERSION] [--no-git] [--binary] [--also-native] [--src-subdir SUBDIR] [recipename] [srctree] [fetchuri] Adds a new recipe to the workspace to build a specified source tree. Can optionally fetch a remote URI and unpack it to create the source tree. positional arguments: recipename Name for new recipe to add (just name - no version, path or extension). If not specified, will attempt to auto-detect it. srctree Path to external source tree. If not specified, a subdirectory of /home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/sources will be used. fetchuri Fetch the specified URI and extract it to create the source tree optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit --same-dir, -s Build in same directory as source --no-same-dir Force build in a separate build directory --fetch URI, -f URI Fetch the specified URI and extract it to create the source tree (deprecated - pass as positional argument instead) --version VERSION, -V VERSION Version to use within recipe (PV) --no-git, -g If fetching source, do not set up source tree as a git repository --binary, -b Treat the source tree as something that should be installed verbatim (no compilation, same directory structure). Useful with binary packages e.g. RPMs. --also-native Also add native variant (i.e. support building recipe for the build host as well as the target machine) --src-subdir SUBDIR Specify subdirectory within source tree to use

devtool uses a "Workspace" layer in which to accomplish builds. This layer is not specific to any single devtool command but is rather a common working area used across the tool. The following figure shows the workspace structure: attic - A directory created if devtool believes it preserve anything when you run "devtool reset". For example, if you run "devtool add", make changes to the recipe, and then run "devtool reset", devtool takes notice that the file has been changed and moves it into the attic should you still want the recipe. README - Provides information on what is in workspace layer and how to manage it. .devtool_md5 - A checksum file used by devtool. appends - A directory that contains *.bbappend files, which point to external source. conf - A configuration directory that contains the layer.conf file. recipes - A directory containing recipes. This directory contains a folder for each directory added whose name matches that of the added recipe. devtool places the recipe.bb file within that sub-directory. sources - A directory containing a working copy of the source files used when building the recipe. This is the default directory used as the location of the source tree when you do not provide a source tree path. This directory contains a folder for each set of source files matched to a corresponding recipe.

Use the devtool add command to add a new recipe to the workspace layer. The recipe you add should not exist - devtool creates it for you. The source files the recipe uses should exist in an external area. The following example creates and adds a new recipe named jackson to a workspace layer the tool creates. The source code built by the recipes resides in /home/scottrif/sources/jackson: $ devtool add jackson /home/scottrif/sources/jackson If you add a recipe and the workspace layer does not exist, the command creates the layer and populates it as described in "The Workspace Layer Structure" section. Running devtool add when the workspace layer exists causes the tool to add the recipe, append files, and source files into the existing workspace layer. The .bbappend file is created to point to the external source tree.

Use the devtool extract command to extract the source for an existing recipe. When you use this command, you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions), and you must supply the directory to which you want the source extracted. Additional command options let you control the name of a development branch into which you can checkout the source and whether or not to keep a temporary directory, which is useful for debugging.

Use the devtool sync command to synchronize a previously extracted source tree for an existing recipe. When you use this command, you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions), and you must supply the directory to which you want the source extracted. Additional command options let you control the name of a development branch into which you can checkout the source and whether or not to keep a temporary directory, which is useful for debugging.

Use the devtool modify command to begin modifying the source of an existing recipe. This command is very similar to the add command except that it does not physically create the recipe in the workspace layer because the recipe already exists in an another layer. The devtool modify command extracts the source for a recipe, sets it up as a Git repository if the source had not already been fetched from Git, checks out a branch for development, and applies any patches from the recipe as commits on top. You can use the following command to checkout the source files: $ devtool modify -x recipe path-to-source Using the above command form, the default development branch would be "devtool".

Use the devtool edit-recipe command to run the default editor, which is identified using the EDITOR variable, on the specified recipe. When you use the devtool edit-recipe command, you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions). Also, the recipe file itself must reside in the workspace as a result of the devtool add or devtool upgrade commands. However, you can override that requirement by using the "-a" or "--any-recipe" option. Using either of these options allows you to edit any recipe regardless of its location.

Use the devtool update-recipe command to update your recipe with patches that reflect changes you make to the source files. For example, if you know you are going to work on some code, you could first use the devtool modify command to extract the code and set up the workspace. After which, you could modify, compile, and test the code. When you are satisfied with the results and you have committed your changes to the Git repository, you can then run the devtool update-recipe to create the patches and update the recipe: $ devtool update-recipe recipe If you run the devtool update-recipe without committing your changes, the command ignores the changes. Often, you might want to apply customizations made to your software in your own layer rather than apply them to the original recipe. If so, you can use the -a or --append option with the devtool update-recipe command. These options allow you to specify the layer into which to write an append file: $ devtool update-recipe recipe -a base-layer-directory The *.bbappend file is created at the appropriate path within the specified layer directory, which may or may not be in your bblayers.conf file. If an append file already exists, the command updates it appropriately.

Use the devtool upgrade command to upgrade an existing recipe to a new upstream version. The command puts the upgraded recipe file into the workspace along with any associated files, and extracts the source tree to a specified location should patches need rebased or added to as a result of the upgrade. When you use the devtool upgrade command, you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions), and you must supply the directory to which you want the source extracted. Additional command options let you control things such as the version number to which you want to upgrade (i.e. the PV), the source revision to which you want to upgrade (i.e. the SRCREV, whether or not to apply patches, and so forth.

Use the devtool reset command to remove a recipe and its configuration (e.g. the corresponding .bbappend file) from the workspace layer. Realize that this command deletes the recipe and the append file. The command does not physically move them for you. Consequently, you must be sure to physically relocate your updated recipe and the append file outside of the workspace layer before running the devtool reset command. If the devtool reset command detects that the recipe or the append files have been modified, the command preserves the modified files in a separate "attic" subdirectory under the workspace layer. Here is an example that resets the workspace directory that contains the mtr recipe: $ devtool reset mtr NOTE: Cleaning sysroot for recipe mtr... NOTE: Leaving source tree /home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/sources/mtr as-is; if you no longer need it then please delete it manually $

Use the devtool build command to cause the OpenEmbedded build system to build your recipe. The devtool build command is equivalent to bitbake -c populate_sysroot. When you use the devtool build command, you must supply the root name of the recipe (i.e. no version, paths, or extensions). You can use either the "-s" or the "--disable-parallel-make" option to disable parallel makes during the build. Here is an example: $ devtool build recipe

Use the devtool build-image command to build an image, extending it to include packages from recipes in the workspace. Using this command is useful when you want an image that ready for immediate deployment onto a device for testing. For proper integration into a final image, you need to edit your custom image recipe appropriately. When you use the devtool build-image command, you must supply the name of the image. This command has no command line options: $ devtool build-image image

Use the devtool deploy-target command to deploy the recipe's build output to the live target machine: $ devtool deploy-target recipe target The target is the address of the target machine, which must be running an SSH server (i.e. user@hostname[:destdir]). This command deploys all files installed during the do_install task. Furthermore, you do not need to have package management enabled within the target machine. If you do, the package manager is bypassed. The deploy-target functionality is for development only. You should never use it to update an image that will be used in production.

Use the devtool undeploy-target command to remove deployed build output from the target machine. For the devtool undeploy-target command to work, you must have previously used the devtool deploy-target command. $ devtool undeploy-target recipe target The target is the address of the target machine, which must be running an SSH server (i.e. user@hostname).

Use the devtool create-workspace command to create a new workspace layer in your Build Directory. When you create a new workspace layer, it is populated with the README file and the conf directory only. The following example creates a new workspace layer in your current working and by default names the workspace layer "workspace": $ devtool create-workspace You can create a workspace layer anywhere by supplying a pathname with the command. The following command creates a new workspace layer named "new-workspace": $ devtool create-workspace /home/scottrif/new-workspace

Use the devtool status command to list the recipes currently in your workspace. Information includes the paths to their respective external source trees. The devtool status command has no command-line options: devtool status Following is sample output after using devtool add to create and add the mtr_0.86.bb recipe to the workspace directory: $ devtool status mtr: /home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/sources/mtr (/home/scottrif/poky/build/workspace/recipes/mtr/mtr_0.86.bb) $

Use the devtool search command to search for available target recipes. The command matches the recipe name, package name, description, and installed files. The command displays the recipe name as a result of a match. When you use the devtool search command, you must supply a keyword. The command uses the keyword when searching for a match.

Quilt is a powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having a clean source tree. This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify source code, test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Quilt. With regard to preserving changes to source files if you clean a recipe or have rm_work enabled, the workflow described in the "Using devtool in Your Workflow" section is a safer development flow than than the flow that uses Quilt. Follow these general steps: Find the Source Code: Temporary source code used by the OpenEmbedded build system is kept in the Build Directory. See the "Finding Temporary Source Code" section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a particular package. Change Your Working Directory: You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code. That directory is defined by the S variable. Create a New Patch: Before modifying source code, you need to create a new patch. To create a new patch file, use quilt new as below: $ quilt new my_changes.patch Notify Quilt and Add Files: After creating the patch, you need to notify Quilt about the files you plan to edit. You notify Quilt by adding the files to the patch you just created: $ quilt add file1.c file2.c file3.c Edit the Files: Make your changes in the source code to the files you added to the patch. Test Your Changes: Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to your changes is by calling the do_compile task as shown in the following example: $ bitbake -c compile -f package The -f or --force option forces the specified task to execute. If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and re-testing iteratively until things work as expected. All the modifications you make to the temporary source code disappear once you run the do_clean or do_cleanall tasks using BitBake (i.e. bitbake -c clean package and bitbake -c cleanall package). Modifications will also disappear if you use the rm_work feature as described in the "Building Images" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. Generate the Patch: Once your changes work as expected, you need to use Quilt to generate the final patch that contains all your modifications. $ quilt refresh At this point, the my_changes.patch file has all your edits made to the file1.c, file2.c, and file3.c files. You can find the resulting patch file in the patches/ subdirectory of the source (S) directory. Copy the Patch File: For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named files, which you can create in the same directory that holds the recipe (.bb) file or the append (.bbappend) file. Placing the patch here guarantees that the OpenEmbedded build system will find the patch. Next, add the patch into the SRC_URI of the recipe. Here is an example: SRC_URI += "file://my_changes.patch"

You might find it helpful during development to modify the temporary source code used by recipes to build packages. For example, suppose you are developing a patch and you need to experiment a bit to figure out your solution. After you have initially built the package, you can iteratively tweak the source code, which is located in the Build Directory, and then you can force a re-compile and quickly test your altered code. Once you settle on a solution, you can then preserve your changes in the form of patches. If you are using Quilt for development, see the "Using Quilt in Your Workflow" section for more information. During a build, the unpacked temporary source code used by recipes to build packages is available in the Build Directory as defined by the S variable. Below is the default value for the S variable as defined in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration file in the Source Directory: S = "${WORKDIR}/${BP}" You should be aware that many recipes override the S variable. For example, recipes that fetch their source from Git usually set S to ${WORKDIR}/git. The BP represents the base recipe name, which consists of the name and version: BP = "${BPN}-${PV}" The path to the work directory for the recipe (WORKDIR) is defined as follows: ${TMPDIR}/work/${MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS}/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR} The actual directory depends on several things: TMPDIR: The top-level build output directory MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS: The target system identifier PN: The recipe name EXTENDPE: The epoch - (if PE is not specified, which is usually the case for most recipes, then EXTENDPE is blank) PV: The recipe version PR: The recipe revision As an example, assume a Source Directory top-level folder named poky, a default Build Directory at poky/build, and a qemux86-poky-linux machine target system. Furthermore, suppose your recipe is named foo_1.3.0.bb. In this case, the work directory the build system uses to build the package would be as follows: poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/foo/1.3.0-r0 Now that you know where to locate the directory that has the temporary source code, you can use a Quilt as described in section "Using Quilt in Your Workflow" to make your edits, test the changes, and preserve the changes in the form of patches.

Toaster is a web interface to the Yocto Project's OpenEmbedded build system. You can initiate builds using Toaster as well as examine the results and statistics of builds. See the Toaster User Manual for information on how to set up and use Toaster to build images.

The Hob is a graphical user interface for the OpenEmbedded build system, which is based on BitBake. You can use the Hob to build custom operating system images within the Yocto Project build environment. Hob simply provides a friendly interface over the build system used during development. In other words, building images with the Hob lets you take care of common build tasks more easily. For a better understanding of Hob, see the project page at on the Yocto Project website. If you follow the "Documentation" link from the Hob page, you will find a short introductory training video on Hob. The following lists some features of Hob: You can setup and run Hob using these commands: $ source oe-init-build-env $ hob You can set the MACHINE for which you are building the image. You can modify various policy settings such as the package format with which to build, the parallelism BitBake uses, whether or not to build an external toolchain, and which host to build against. You can manage layers. You can select a base image and then add extra packages for your custom build. You can launch and monitor the build from within Hob.

When debugging certain commands or even when just editing packages, devshell can be a useful tool. When you invoke devshell, source files are extracted into your working directory and patches are applied. Then, a new terminal is opened and you are placed in the working directory. In the new terminal, all the OpenEmbedded build-related environment variables are still defined so you can use commands such as configure and make. The commands execute just as if the OpenEmbedded build system were executing them. Consequently, working this way can be helpful when debugging a build or preparing software to be used with the OpenEmbedded build system. Following is an example that uses devshell on a target named matchbox-desktop: $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c devshell This command spawns a terminal with a shell prompt within the OpenEmbedded build environment. The OE_TERMINAL variable controls what type of shell is opened. For spawned terminals, the following occurs: The PATH variable includes the cross-toolchain. The pkgconfig variables find the correct .pc files. The configure command finds the Yocto Project site files as well as any other necessary files. Within this environment, you can run configure or compile commands as if they were being run by the OpenEmbedded build system itself. As noted earlier, the working directory also automatically changes to the Source Directory (S). To manually run a specific task using devshell, run the corresponding run.* script in the ${WORKDIR}/temp (e.g., run.do_configure.pid). If a task's script does not exist, which would be the case if the task was skipped by way of the sstate cache, you can create the task by first running it outside of the devshell: $ bitbake -c task Execution of a task's run.* script and BitBake's execution of a task are identical. In other words, running the script re-runs the task just as it would be run using the bitbake -c command. Any run.* file that doe not have a .pid extension is a symbolic link (symlink) to the most recent version of that file. Remember, that the devshell is a mechanism that allows you to get into the BitBake task execution environment. And as such, all commands must be called just as BitBake would call them. That means you need to provide the appropriate options for cross-compilation and so forth as applicable. When you are finished using devshell, exit the shell or close the terminal window. It is worth remembering that when using devshell you need to use the full compiler name such as arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gcc instead of just using gcc. The same applies to other applications such as binutils, libtool and so forth. BitBake sets up environment variables such as CC to assist applications, such as make to find the correct tools. It is also worth noting that devshell still works over X11 forwarding and similar situations.