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1 | |||
2 | GNU Free Documentation License | ||
3 | Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 | ||
4 | |||
5 | |||
6 | Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | ||
7 | <http://fsf.org/> | ||
8 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | ||
9 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | ||
10 | |||
11 | 0. PREAMBLE | ||
12 | |||
13 | The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other | ||
14 | functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to | ||
15 | assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, | ||
16 | with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. | ||
17 | Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way | ||
18 | to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible | ||
19 | for modifications made by others. | ||
20 | |||
21 | This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative | ||
22 | works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It | ||
23 | complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft | ||
24 | license designed for free software. | ||
25 | |||
26 | We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free | ||
27 | software, because free software needs free documentation: a free | ||
28 | program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the | ||
29 | software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; | ||
30 | it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or | ||
31 | whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License | ||
32 | principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. | ||
33 | |||
34 | |||
35 | 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS | ||
36 | |||
37 | This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that | ||
38 | contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be | ||
39 | distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a | ||
40 | world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that | ||
41 | work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, | ||
42 | refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a | ||
43 | licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you | ||
44 | copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission | ||
45 | under copyright law. | ||
46 | |||
47 | A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the | ||
48 | Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with | ||
49 | modifications and/or translated into another language. | ||
50 | |||
51 | A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of | ||
52 | the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the | ||
53 | publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall | ||
54 | subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall | ||
55 | directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in | ||
56 | part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain | ||
57 | any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical | ||
58 | connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, | ||
59 | commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding | ||
60 | them. | ||
61 | |||
62 | The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles | ||
63 | are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice | ||
64 | that says that the Document is released under this License. If a | ||
65 | section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not | ||
66 | allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero | ||
67 | Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant | ||
68 | Sections then there are none. | ||
69 | |||
70 | The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, | ||
71 | as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that | ||
72 | the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may | ||
73 | be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. | ||
74 | |||
75 | A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, | ||
76 | represented in a format whose specification is available to the | ||
77 | general public, that is suitable for revising the document | ||
78 | straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of | ||
79 | pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available | ||
80 | drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or | ||
81 | for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input | ||
82 | to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file | ||
83 | format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart | ||
84 | or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. | ||
85 | An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount | ||
86 | of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". | ||
87 | |||
88 | Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain | ||
89 | ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML | ||
90 | or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple | ||
91 | HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of | ||
92 | transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats | ||
93 | include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by | ||
94 | proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or | ||
95 | processing tools are not generally available, and the | ||
96 | machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word | ||
97 | processors for output purposes only. | ||
98 | |||
99 | The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, | ||
100 | plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material | ||
101 | this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in | ||
102 | formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means | ||
103 | the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, | ||
104 | preceding the beginning of the body of the text. | ||
105 | |||
106 | The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of | ||
107 | the Document to the public. | ||
108 | |||
109 | A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose | ||
110 | title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following | ||
111 | text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a | ||
112 | specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", | ||
113 | "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" | ||
114 | of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a | ||
115 | section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. | ||
116 | |||
117 | The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which | ||
118 | states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty | ||
119 | Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this | ||
120 | License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other | ||
121 | implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has | ||
122 | no effect on the meaning of this License. | ||
123 | |||
124 | 2. VERBATIM COPYING | ||
125 | |||
126 | You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either | ||
127 | commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the | ||
128 | copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies | ||
129 | to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no | ||
130 | other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use | ||
131 | technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further | ||
132 | copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept | ||
133 | compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough | ||
134 | number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. | ||
135 | |||
136 | You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and | ||
137 | you may publicly display copies. | ||
138 | |||
139 | |||
140 | 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY | ||
141 | |||
142 | If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have | ||
143 | printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the | ||
144 | Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the | ||
145 | copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover | ||
146 | Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on | ||
147 | the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify | ||
148 | you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present | ||
149 | the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and | ||
150 | visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. | ||
151 | Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve | ||
152 | the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated | ||
153 | as verbatim copying in other respects. | ||
154 | |||
155 | If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit | ||
156 | legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit | ||
157 | reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent | ||
158 | pages. | ||
159 | |||
160 | If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering | ||
161 | more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent | ||
162 | copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy | ||
163 | a computer-network location from which the general network-using | ||
164 | public has access to download using public-standard network protocols | ||
165 | a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. | ||
166 | If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, | ||
167 | when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure | ||
168 | that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated | ||
169 | location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an | ||
170 | Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that | ||
171 | edition to the public. | ||
172 | |||
173 | It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the | ||
174 | Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to | ||
175 | give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the | ||
176 | Document. | ||
177 | |||
178 | |||
179 | 4. MODIFICATIONS | ||
180 | |||
181 | You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under | ||
182 | the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release | ||
183 | the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified | ||
184 | Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution | ||
185 | and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy | ||
186 | of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: | ||
187 | |||
188 | A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct | ||
189 | from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions | ||
190 | (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section | ||
191 | of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version | ||
192 | if the original publisher of that version gives permission. | ||
193 | B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities | ||
194 | responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified | ||
195 | Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the | ||
196 | Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), | ||
197 | unless they release you from this requirement. | ||
198 | C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the | ||
199 | Modified Version, as the publisher. | ||
200 | D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. | ||
201 | E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications | ||
202 | adjacent to the other copyright notices. | ||
203 | F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice | ||
204 | giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the | ||
205 | terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. | ||
206 | G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections | ||
207 | and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. | ||
208 | H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. | ||
209 | I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add | ||
210 | to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and | ||
211 | publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If | ||
212 | there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one | ||
213 | stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as | ||
214 | given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified | ||
215 | Version as stated in the previous sentence. | ||
216 | J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for | ||
217 | public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise | ||
218 | the network locations given in the Document for previous versions | ||
219 | it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. | ||
220 | You may omit a network location for a work that was published at | ||
221 | least four years before the Document itself, or if the original | ||
222 | publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. | ||
223 | K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", | ||
224 | Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all | ||
225 | the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements | ||
226 | and/or dedications given therein. | ||
227 | L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, | ||
228 | unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers | ||
229 | or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. | ||
230 | M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section | ||
231 | may not be included in the Modified Version. | ||
232 | N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" | ||
233 | or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. | ||
234 | O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. | ||
235 | |||
236 | If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or | ||
237 | appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material | ||
238 | copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all | ||
239 | of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the | ||
240 | list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. | ||
241 | These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. | ||
242 | |||
243 | You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains | ||
244 | nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various | ||
245 | parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has | ||
246 | been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a | ||
247 | standard. | ||
248 | |||
249 | You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a | ||
250 | passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list | ||
251 | of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of | ||
252 | Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or | ||
253 | through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already | ||
254 | includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or | ||
255 | by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, | ||
256 | you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit | ||
257 | permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. | ||
258 | |||
259 | The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License | ||
260 | give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or | ||
261 | imply endorsement of any Modified Version. | ||
262 | |||
263 | |||
264 | 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS | ||
265 | |||
266 | You may combine the Document with other documents released under this | ||
267 | License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified | ||
268 | versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the | ||
269 | Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and | ||
270 | list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its | ||
271 | license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. | ||
272 | |||
273 | The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and | ||
274 | multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single | ||
275 | copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but | ||
276 | different contents, make the title of each such section unique by | ||
277 | adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original | ||
278 | author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. | ||
279 | Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of | ||
280 | Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. | ||
281 | |||
282 | In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" | ||
283 | in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled | ||
284 | "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", | ||
285 | and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections | ||
286 | Entitled "Endorsements". | ||
287 | |||
288 | |||
289 | 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS | ||
290 | |||
291 | You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other | ||
292 | documents released under this License, and replace the individual | ||
293 | copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy | ||
294 | that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules | ||
295 | of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all | ||
296 | other respects. | ||
297 | |||
298 | You may extract a single document from such a collection, and | ||
299 | distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a | ||
300 | copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this | ||
301 | License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that | ||
302 | document. | ||
303 | |||
304 | |||
305 | 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS | ||
306 | |||
307 | A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate | ||
308 | and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or | ||
309 | distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright | ||
310 | resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights | ||
311 | of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. | ||
312 | When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not | ||
313 | apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves | ||
314 | derivative works of the Document. | ||
315 | |||
316 | If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these | ||
317 | copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of | ||
318 | the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on | ||
319 | covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the | ||
320 | electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. | ||
321 | Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole | ||
322 | aggregate. | ||
323 | |||
324 | |||
325 | 8. TRANSLATION | ||
326 | |||
327 | Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may | ||
328 | distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. | ||
329 | Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special | ||
330 | permission from their copyright holders, but you may include | ||
331 | translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the | ||
332 | original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a | ||
333 | translation of this License, and all the license notices in the | ||
334 | Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include | ||
335 | the original English version of this License and the original versions | ||
336 | of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between | ||
337 | the translation and the original version of this License or a notice | ||
338 | or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. | ||
339 | |||
340 | If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", | ||
341 | "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve | ||
342 | its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual | ||
343 | title. | ||
344 | |||
345 | |||
346 | 9. TERMINATION | ||
347 | |||
348 | You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document | ||
349 | except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | ||
350 | otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and | ||
351 | will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | ||
352 | |||
353 | However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license | ||
354 | from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, | ||
355 | unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally | ||
356 | terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder | ||
357 | fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to | ||
358 | 60 days after the cessation. | ||
359 | |||
360 | Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is | ||
361 | reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the | ||
362 | violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have | ||
363 | received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that | ||
364 | copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after | ||
365 | your receipt of the notice. | ||
366 | |||
367 | Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the | ||
368 | licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under | ||
369 | this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently | ||
370 | reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does | ||
371 | not give you any rights to use it. | ||
372 | |||
373 | |||
374 | 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE | ||
375 | |||
376 | The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the | ||
377 | GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions | ||
378 | will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in | ||
379 | detail to address new problems or concerns. See | ||
380 | http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. | ||
381 | |||
382 | Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. | ||
383 | If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this | ||
384 | License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of | ||
385 | following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or | ||
386 | of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the | ||
387 | Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version | ||
388 | number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not | ||
389 | as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document | ||
390 | specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this | ||
391 | License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a | ||
392 | version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the | ||
393 | Document. | ||
394 | |||
395 | 11. RELICENSING | ||
396 | |||
397 | "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any | ||
398 | World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also | ||
399 | provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A | ||
400 | public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A | ||
401 | "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site | ||
402 | means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. | ||
403 | |||
404 | "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 | ||
405 | license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit | ||
406 | corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, | ||
407 | California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license | ||
408 | published by that same organization. | ||
409 | |||
410 | "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in | ||
411 | part, as part of another Document. | ||
412 | |||
413 | An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this | ||
414 | License, and if all works that were first published under this License | ||
415 | somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or | ||
416 | in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and | ||
417 | (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. | ||
418 | |||
419 | The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site | ||
420 | under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, | ||
421 | provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. | ||
422 | |||
423 | |||
424 | ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents | ||
425 | |||
426 | To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of | ||
427 | the License in the document and put the following copyright and | ||
428 | license notices just after the title page: | ||
429 | |||
430 | Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. | ||
431 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | ||
432 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 | ||
433 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | ||
434 | with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. | ||
435 | A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU | ||
436 | Free Documentation License". | ||
437 | |||
438 | If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, | ||
439 | replace the "with...Texts." line with this: | ||
440 | |||
441 | with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the | ||
442 | Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. | ||
443 | |||
444 | If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other | ||
445 | combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the | ||
446 | situation. | ||
447 | |||
448 | If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we | ||
449 | recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of | ||
450 | free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, | ||
451 | to permit their use in free software. | ||