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153 | </section> | 153 | </section> |
154 | </section> | 154 | </section> |
155 | 155 | ||
156 | <section id="a-closer-look-at-the-yocto-project-development-environment"> | ||
157 | <title>A Closer Look at the Yocto Project Development Environment</title> | ||
158 | |||
159 | <para> | ||
160 | This section takes a more detailed look at the Yocto Project | ||
161 | development environment. | ||
162 | The following diagram represents the development environment at a | ||
163 | high level. | ||
164 | The remainder of this section expands on the fundamental input, output, | ||
165 | process, and | ||
166 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#metadata'>Metadata</ulink>) blocks | ||
167 | in the Yocto Project development environment. | ||
168 | </para> | ||
169 | |||
170 | <para> | ||
171 | <imagedata fileref="figures/yocto-environment-ref.png" align="center" width="8in" depth="4.25in" /> | ||
172 | </para> | ||
173 | |||
174 | <para> | ||
175 | The generalized Yocto Project Development Environment consists of | ||
176 | several functional areas: | ||
177 | <itemizedlist> | ||
178 | <listitem><para><emphasis>User Configuration:</emphasis> | ||
179 | Metadata you can use to control the build process. | ||
180 | </para></listitem> | ||
181 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Metadata Layers:</emphasis> | ||
182 | Various layers that provide software, machine, and | ||
183 | distro Metadata.</para></listitem> | ||
184 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Source Files:</emphasis> | ||
185 | Upstream releases, local projects, and SCMs.</para></listitem> | ||
186 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Build System:</emphasis> | ||
187 | Processes under the control of BitBake. | ||
188 | This block expands on how BitBake fetches source, applies | ||
189 | patches, completes compilation, analyzes output for package | ||
190 | generation, creates and tests packages, generates images, and | ||
191 | generates cross-development tools.</para></listitem> | ||
192 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Package Feeds:</emphasis> | ||
193 | Directories containing output packages (rpm, deb or ipk), | ||
194 | which are subsequently used in the construction of an image or | ||
195 | SDK, produced by the build system. | ||
196 | These feeds can also be copied and shared using a web server or | ||
197 | other means to facilitate extending or updating existing | ||
198 | images on devices at runtime if runtime package management is | ||
199 | enabled.</para></listitem> | ||
200 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Images:</emphasis> | ||
201 | Images produced by the development process. | ||
202 | Where do they go? | ||
203 | Can you mess with them (i.e. freely delete them or move them?). | ||
204 | </para></listitem> | ||
205 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Application Development SDK:</emphasis> | ||
206 | Cross-development tools that are produced along with an image | ||
207 | or separately with BitBake.</para></listitem> | ||
208 | </itemizedlist> | ||
209 | </para> | ||
210 | |||
211 | <section id="user-configuration"> | ||
212 | <title>User Configuration</title> | ||
213 | |||
214 | <para> | ||
215 | User configuration helps define the build. | ||
216 | Through user configuration, you can tell BitBake the | ||
217 | target architecture for which you are building the image, | ||
218 | where to store downloaded source, and other build properties. | ||
219 | The following figure shows an expanded representation of the | ||
220 | user configuration box of the Yocto Project development | ||
221 | environment: | ||
222 | </para> | ||
223 | |||
224 | <para> | ||
225 | <imagedata fileref="figures/user-configuration.png" align="center" width="5.5in" depth="3.5in" /> | ||
226 | </para> | ||
227 | |||
228 | <para> | ||
229 | BitBake needs some basic configuration files in order to complete | ||
230 | a build. | ||
231 | These files are <filename>*.conf</filename> files. | ||
232 | The minimally necessary ones reside as example files in the | ||
233 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#source-directory'>Source Directory</ulink>. | ||
234 | For simplicity, this section refers to the Source Directory as | ||
235 | the "Poky Directory." | ||
236 | </para> | ||
237 | |||
238 | <para> | ||
239 | When you clone the <filename>poky</filename> Git repository or you | ||
240 | download and unpack a Yocto Project release, you can set up the | ||
241 | Source Directory to be named anything you want. | ||
242 | For this discussion, the cloned repository uses the default | ||
243 | name <filename>poky</filename>. | ||
244 | <note> | ||
245 | The Poky repository is primarily an aggregation of existing | ||
246 | repositories. | ||
247 | It is not a canonical upstream source. | ||
248 | </note> | ||
249 | </para> | ||
250 | |||
251 | <para> | ||
252 | The <filename>meta-yocto</filename> layer inside Poky contains | ||
253 | a <filename>conf</filename> directory that has example | ||
254 | configuration files. | ||
255 | These example files are used as a basis for creating actual | ||
256 | configuration files when you source the build environment | ||
257 | script <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename>. | ||
258 | </para> | ||
259 | |||
260 | <para> | ||
261 | Sourcing the build environment script creates a | ||
262 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink> | ||
263 | if one does not already exist. | ||
264 | BitBake uses the Build Directory for all its work during builds. | ||
265 | The Build Directory has a <filename>conf</filename> directory that | ||
266 | contains default versions of your <filename>local.conf</filename> | ||
267 | and <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> configuration files. | ||
268 | These default configuration files are created only if versions | ||
269 | do not already exist in the Build Directory at the time you | ||
270 | source the <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename> script. | ||
271 | </para> | ||
272 | |||
273 | <para> | ||
274 | Because the Poky repository is fundamentally an aggregation of | ||
275 | existing repositories, some users might be familiar with running | ||
276 | the <filename>oe-init-build-env</filename> script in the context of | ||
277 | separate OpenEmbedded-Core and BitBake repositories rather than a | ||
278 | single Poky repository. | ||
279 | This discussion assumes the script is executed from within a cloned | ||
280 | or unpacked version of Poky. | ||
281 | </para> | ||
282 | |||
283 | <para> | ||
284 | Depending on where the script is sourced, different sub-scripts | ||
285 | are called to set up the Build Directory (Yocto or OpenEmbedded). | ||
286 | Specifically, the script | ||
287 | <filename>scripts/oe-setup-builddir</filename> inside the | ||
288 | poky directory sets up the Build Directory and seeds the directory | ||
289 | (if necessary) with configuration files appropriate for the | ||
290 | Yocto Project development environment. | ||
291 | <note> | ||
292 | The <filename>scripts/oe-setup-builddir</filename> script | ||
293 | uses the <filename>$TEMPLATECONF</filename> variable to | ||
294 | determine which sample configuration files to locate. | ||
295 | </note> | ||
296 | </para> | ||
297 | |||
298 | <para> | ||
299 | The <filename>local.conf</filename> file provides many | ||
300 | basic variables that define a build environment. | ||
301 | Here is a list of a few. | ||
302 | To see the default configurations in a <filename>local.conf</filename> | ||
303 | file created by the build environment script, see the | ||
304 | <filename>local.conf.sample</filename> in the | ||
305 | <filename>meta-yocto</filename> layer: | ||
306 | <itemizedlist> | ||
307 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Parallelism Options:</emphasis> | ||
308 | Controlled by the | ||
309 | <link linkend='var-BB_NUMBER_THREADS'><filename>BB_NUMBER_THREADS</filename></link> | ||
310 | and | ||
311 | <link linkend='var-PARALLEL_MAKE'><filename>PARALLEL_MAKE</filename></link> | ||
312 | variables.</para></listitem> | ||
313 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Target Machine Selection:</emphasis> | ||
314 | Controlled by the | ||
315 | <link linkend='var-MACHINE'><filename>MACHINE</filename></link> | ||
316 | variable.</para></listitem> | ||
317 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Download Directory:</emphasis> | ||
318 | Controlled by the | ||
319 | <link linkend='var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></link> | ||
320 | variable.</para></listitem> | ||
321 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Shared State Directory:</emphasis> | ||
322 | Controlled by the | ||
323 | <link linkend='var-SSTATE_DIR'><filename>SSTATE_DIR</filename></link> | ||
324 | variable.</para></listitem> | ||
325 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Build Output:</emphasis> | ||
326 | Controlled by the | ||
327 | <link linkend='var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></link> | ||
328 | variable.</para></listitem> | ||
329 | </itemizedlist> | ||
330 | <note> | ||
331 | Configurations set in the <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> | ||
332 | file can also be set in the | ||
333 | <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> and | ||
334 | <filename>conf/auto.conf</filename> configuration files. | ||
335 | </note> | ||
336 | </para> | ||
337 | |||
338 | <para> | ||
339 | The <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file tells BitBake what | ||
340 | layers you want considered during the build. | ||
341 | By default, the layers listed in this file include layers | ||
342 | minimally needed by the build system. | ||
343 | However, you must manually add any custom layers you have created. | ||
344 | You can find more information on working with the | ||
345 | <filename>bblayers.conf</filename> file in the | ||
346 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#enabling-your-layer'>Enabling Your Layer</ulink>" | ||
347 | section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. | ||
348 | </para> | ||
349 | |||
350 | <para> | ||
351 | The files <filename>site.conf</filename> and | ||
352 | <filename>auto.conf</filename> are not created by the environment | ||
353 | initialization script. | ||
354 | If you want these configuration files, you must create them | ||
355 | yourself: | ||
356 | <itemizedlist> | ||
357 | <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>site.conf</filename>:</emphasis> | ||
358 | You can use the <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> | ||
359 | configuration file to configure multiple build directories. | ||
360 | For example, suppose you had several build environments and | ||
361 | they shared some common features. | ||
362 | You can set these default build properties here. | ||
363 | A good example is perhaps the level of parallelism you want | ||
364 | to use through the | ||
365 | <link linkend='var-BB_NUMBER_THREADS'><filename>BB_NUMBER_THREADS</filename></link> | ||
366 | and | ||
367 | <link linkend='var-PARALLEL_MAKE'><filename>PARALLEL_MAKE</filename></link> | ||
368 | variables.</para> | ||
369 | <para>One useful scenario for using the | ||
370 | <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> file is to extend your | ||
371 | <link linkend='var-BBPATH'><filename>BBPATH</filename></link> | ||
372 | variable to include the path to a | ||
373 | <filename>conf/site.conf</filename>. | ||
374 | Then, when BitBake looks for Metadata using | ||
375 | <filename>BBPATH</filename>, it finds the | ||
376 | <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> file and applies your | ||
377 | common configurations found in the file. | ||
378 | To override configurations in a particular build directory, | ||
379 | alter the similar configurations within that build | ||
380 | directory's <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file. | ||
381 | </para></listitem> | ||
382 | <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>auto.conf</filename>:</emphasis> | ||
383 | This file is not hand-created. | ||
384 | Rather, the file is usually created and written to by | ||
385 | an autobuilder. | ||
386 | The settings put into the file are typically the same as | ||
387 | you would find in the <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> | ||
388 | or the <filename>conf/site.conf</filename> files. | ||
389 | </para></listitem> | ||
390 | </itemizedlist> | ||
391 | </para> | ||
392 | |||
393 | <para> | ||
394 | You can edit all configuration files to further define | ||
395 | any particular build environment. | ||
396 | This process is represented by the "User Configuration Edits" | ||
397 | box in the figure. | ||
398 | </para> | ||
399 | |||
400 | <para> | ||
401 | When you launch your build with the | ||
402 | <filename>bitbake <target></filename> command, BitBake | ||
403 | sorts out the configurations to ultimately define your build | ||
404 | environment. | ||
405 | </para> | ||
406 | </section> | ||
407 | |||
408 | <section id="metadata-machine-configuration-and-policy-configuration"> | ||
409 | <title>Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration</title> | ||
410 | |||
411 | <para> | ||
412 | The previous section described the user configurations that | ||
413 | define the BitBake's global behavior. | ||
414 | This section takes a closer look at the layers the build system | ||
415 | uses to further control the build. | ||
416 | These layers provide Metadata for the software, machine, and | ||
417 | policy. | ||
418 | </para> | ||
419 | |||
420 | <para> | ||
421 | In general, three types of layer input exist: | ||
422 | <itemizedlist> | ||
423 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Policy Configuration:</emphasis> | ||
424 | Distribution Layers provide top-level or general | ||
425 | policies for the image or SDK being built. | ||
426 | For example, this layer would dictate whether BitBake | ||
427 | produces RPM or IPK packages.</para></listitem> | ||
428 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Machine Configuration:</emphasis> | ||
429 | Board Support Package (BSP) layers provide machine | ||
430 | configurations. | ||
431 | This type of information is specific to a particular | ||
432 | target architecture.</para></listitem> | ||
433 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Metadata:</emphasis> | ||
434 | Software layers contain user-supplied recipe files, | ||
435 | patches, and append files. | ||
436 | </para></listitem> | ||
437 | </itemizedlist> | ||
438 | </para> | ||
439 | |||
440 | <para> | ||
441 | The following figure shows an expanded representation of the | ||
442 | Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration input | ||
443 | (layers) boxes of the Yocto Project development environment: | ||
444 | </para> | ||
445 | |||
446 | <para> | ||
447 | <imagedata fileref="figures/layer-input.png" align="center" width="8in" depth="7.5in" /> | ||
448 | </para> | ||
449 | |||
450 | <para> | ||
451 | In general, all layers have a similar structure. | ||
452 | They all contain a licensing file | ||
453 | (e.g. <filename>COPYING</filename>) if the layer is to be | ||
454 | distributed, a <filename>README</filename> file as good practice | ||
455 | and especially if the layer is to be distributed, a | ||
456 | configuration directory, and recipe directories. | ||
457 | </para> | ||
458 | |||
459 | <para> | ||
460 | The Yocto Project has many layers that can be used. | ||
461 | You can see a web-interface listing of them on the | ||
462 | <ulink url="http://git.yoctoproject.org/">Source Repositories</ulink> | ||
463 | page. | ||
464 | The layers are shown at the bottom categorized under | ||
465 | "Yocto Metadata Layers." | ||
466 | These layers are fundamentally a subset of the | ||
467 | <ulink url="http://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/layers/">OpenEmbedded Metadata Index</ulink>, | ||
468 | which lists all layers provided by the OpenEmbedded community. | ||
469 | <note> | ||
470 | Layers exist in the Yocto Project Source Repositories that | ||
471 | cannot be found in the OpenEmbedded Metadata Index. | ||
472 | These layers are either deprecated or experimental in nature. | ||
473 | </note> | ||
474 | </para> | ||
475 | |||
476 | <para> | ||
477 | BitBake uses the <filename>conf/bblayers.conf</filename> file, | ||
478 | which is part of the user configuration, to find what layers it | ||
479 | should be using as part of the build. | ||
480 | </para> | ||
481 | |||
482 | <para> | ||
483 | For more information on layers, see the | ||
484 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#understanding-and-creating-layers'>Understanding and Creating Layers</ulink>" | ||
485 | section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. | ||
486 | </para> | ||
487 | |||
488 | <section id="distro-layer"> | ||
489 | <title>Distro Layer</title> | ||
490 | |||
491 | <para> | ||
492 | The distribution layer provides policy configurations for your | ||
493 | distribution. | ||
494 | Best practices dictate that you isolate these types of | ||
495 | configurations into their own layer. | ||
496 | Settings you provide in | ||
497 | <filename>conf/<distro>.conf</filename> override similar | ||
498 | settings that BitBake finds in your | ||
499 | <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> file in the Build | ||
500 | Directory. | ||
501 | </para> | ||
502 | |||
503 | <para> | ||
504 | The following list provides some explanation and references | ||
505 | for what you typically find in the distribution layer: | ||
506 | <itemizedlist> | ||
507 | <listitem><para><emphasis>classes:</emphasis> | ||
508 | Class files (<filename>.bbclass</filename>) holds | ||
509 | common functionality that can be shared among | ||
510 | recipes in the distribution. | ||
511 | When your recipes inherit a class, they take on the | ||
512 | settings and functions for that class. | ||
513 | You can read more about class files in the | ||
514 | "<link linkend='ref-classes'>Classes</link>" section. | ||
515 | </para></listitem> | ||
516 | <listitem><para><emphasis>conf:</emphasis> | ||
517 | This area holds configuration files for the | ||
518 | layer (<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename>), | ||
519 | the distribution | ||
520 | (<filename>conf/distro/<distro>.conf</filename>), | ||
521 | and any distribution-wide include files. | ||
522 | </para></listitem> | ||
523 | <listitem><para><emphasis>recipes-*:</emphasis> | ||
524 | Recipes and append files that affect common | ||
525 | functionality across the distribution. | ||
526 | This area could include recipes and append files to | ||
527 | to add distribution-specific configuration, | ||
528 | initialization scripts, custom image recipes, | ||
529 | and so forth.</para></listitem> | ||
530 | </itemizedlist> | ||
531 | </para> | ||
532 | </section> | ||
533 | |||
534 | <section id="bsp-layer"> | ||
535 | <title>BSP Layer</title> | ||
536 | |||
537 | <para> | ||
538 | The BSP Layer provides machine configurations. | ||
539 | Everything in this layer is specific to the machine for which | ||
540 | you are building the image or the SDK. | ||
541 | A common structure or form is defined for BSP layers. | ||
542 | You can learn more about this structure in the | ||
543 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;'>Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide</ulink>. | ||
544 | <note> | ||
545 | In order for a BSP layer to be considered compliant with the | ||
546 | Yocto Project, it must meet some structural requirements. | ||
547 | </note> | ||
548 | </para> | ||
549 | |||
550 | <para> | ||
551 | The BSP Layer's configuration directory contains | ||
552 | configuration files for the machine | ||
553 | (<filename>conf/machine/<machine>.conf</filename>) and, | ||
554 | of course, the layer (<filename>conf/layer.conf</filename>). | ||
555 | </para> | ||
556 | |||
557 | <para> | ||
558 | The remainder of the layer is dedicated to specific recipes | ||
559 | by function: <filename>recipes-bsp</filename>, | ||
560 | <filename>recipes-core</filename>, | ||
561 | <filename>recipes-graphics</filename>, and | ||
562 | <filename>recipes-kernel</filename>. | ||
563 | Metadata can exist for multiple formfactors, graphics | ||
564 | support systems, and so forth. | ||
565 | <note> | ||
566 | While the figure shows several <filename>recipe-*</filename> | ||
567 | directories, not all these directories appear in all | ||
568 | BSP layers. | ||
569 | </note> | ||
570 | </para> | ||
571 | </section> | ||
572 | |||
573 | <section id="software-layer"> | ||
574 | <title>Software Layer</title> | ||
575 | |||
576 | <para> | ||
577 | The software layer provides the Metadata for additional | ||
578 | software packages used during the build. | ||
579 | This layer does not include Metadata that is specific to the | ||
580 | distribution or the machine, which are found in their | ||
581 | respective layers. | ||
582 | </para> | ||
583 | |||
584 | <para> | ||
585 | This layer contains any new recipes that your project needs | ||
586 | in the form of recipe files. | ||
587 | </para> | ||
588 | </section> | ||
589 | </section> | ||
590 | |||
591 | <section id="sources-dev-environment"> | ||
592 | <title>Sources</title> | ||
593 | |||
594 | <para> | ||
595 | In order for the OpenEmbedded build system to create an image or | ||
596 | any target, it must be able to access source files. | ||
597 | The main | ||
598 | <link linkend='a-closer-look-at-the-yocto-project-development-environment'>Yocto Project Development Environment figure</link> | ||
599 | represents source files using the "Upstream Project Releases", | ||
600 | "Local Projects", and "SCMs (optional)" boxes. | ||
601 | The figure represents mirrors, which also play a role in locating | ||
602 | source files, with the "Source Mirror(s)" box. | ||
603 | </para> | ||
604 | |||
605 | <para> | ||
606 | The method by which source files are ultimately organized is | ||
607 | a function of the project. | ||
608 | For example, for released software, projects tend to use tarballs | ||
609 | or other archived files that can capture the state of a release | ||
610 | guaranteeing that it is statically represented. | ||
611 | On the other hand, for a project that is more dynamic or | ||
612 | experimental in nature, a project might keep source files in a | ||
613 | repository controlled by a Source Control Manager (SCM) such as | ||
614 | Git. | ||
615 | Pulling source from a repository allows you to control | ||
616 | the point in the repository (the revision) from which you want to | ||
617 | build software. | ||
618 | Finally, a combination of the two might exist, which would give the | ||
619 | consumer a choice when deciding where to get source files. | ||
620 | </para> | ||
621 | |||
622 | <para> | ||
623 | BitBake uses the | ||
624 | <link linkend='var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></link> | ||
625 | variable to point to source files regardless of their location. | ||
626 | Each recipe must have a <filename>SRC_URI</filename> variable | ||
627 | that points to the source. | ||
628 | </para> | ||
629 | |||
630 | <para> | ||
631 | Another area that plays a significant role in where source files | ||
632 | comes from is pointed to by the | ||
633 | <link linkend='var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></link> | ||
634 | variable. | ||
635 | This area is a cache that can hold previously downloaded source. | ||
636 | Judicious use of a <filename>DL_DIR</filename> directory can | ||
637 | save the build system a trip across the Internet when looking | ||
638 | for files. | ||
639 | A good method for using a download directory is to have | ||
640 | <filename>DL_DIR</filename> point to an area outside of your | ||
641 | Build Directory. | ||
642 | Doing so allows you to safely delete the Build Directory | ||
643 | if needed without fear of removing any downloaded source file. | ||
644 | </para> | ||
645 | |||
646 | <para> | ||
647 | The remainder of this section provides a deeper look into the | ||
648 | source files and the mirrors. | ||
649 | Here is a more detailed look at the source file area of the | ||
650 | base figure: | ||
651 | <imagedata fileref="figures/source-input.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="7.5in" /> | ||
652 | </para> | ||
653 | |||
654 | <section id='upstream-project-releases'> | ||
655 | <title>Upstream Project Releases</title> | ||
656 | |||
657 | <para> | ||
658 | Upstream project releases exist anywhere in the form of an | ||
659 | archived file (e.g. tarball or zip file). | ||
660 | These files correspond to individual recipes. | ||
661 | For example, the figure uses specific releases each for | ||
662 | BusyBox, Qt, and Dbus. | ||
663 | An archive file can be for any released product that can be | ||
664 | built using a recipe. | ||
665 | </para> | ||
666 | </section> | ||
667 | |||
668 | <section id='local-projects'> | ||
669 | <title>Local Projects</title> | ||
670 | |||
671 | <para> | ||
672 | Local projects are custom bits of software the user provides. | ||
673 | These bits reside somewhere local to a project - perhaps | ||
674 | a directory into which the user checks in items (e.g. | ||
675 | a local directory containing a development source tree | ||
676 | used by the group). | ||
677 | </para> | ||
678 | |||
679 | <para> | ||
680 | The canonical method through which to include a local project | ||
681 | is to use the | ||
682 | <link linkend='ref-classes-externalsrc'><filename>externalsrc.bbclass</filename></link> | ||
683 | class to include local project. | ||
684 | You use either the <filename>local.conf</filename> or a | ||
685 | recipe's append file to override or set the | ||
686 | recipe to point to the local directory on your disk to pull | ||
687 | in the whole source tree. | ||
688 | </para> | ||
689 | |||
690 | <para> | ||
691 | For information on how to use the | ||
692 | <filename>externalsrc.bbclass</filename>, see the | ||
693 | "<link linkend='ref-classes-externalsrc'><filename>externalsrc.bbclass</filename></link>" | ||
694 | section. | ||
695 | </para> | ||
696 | </section> | ||
697 | |||
698 | <section id='scms'> | ||
699 | <title>Source Control Managers (Optional)</title> | ||
700 | |||
701 | <para> | ||
702 | Another place the build system can get source files from is | ||
703 | through an SCM such as Git or Subversion. | ||
704 | In this case, a repository is cloned or checked out. | ||
705 | The <filename>do_fetch</filename> task inside BitBake uses | ||
706 | the <link linkend='var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></link> | ||
707 | variable and the argument's prefix to determine the correct | ||
708 | fetcher module. | ||
709 | </para> | ||
710 | |||
711 | <para> | ||
712 | When fetching a repository, BitBake uses the | ||
713 | <link linkend='var-SRCREV'><filename>SRCREV</filename></link> | ||
714 | variable to determine the specific revision from which to | ||
715 | build. | ||
716 | </para> | ||
717 | </section> | ||
718 | |||
719 | <section id='source-mirrors'> | ||
720 | <title>Source Mirror(s)</title> | ||
721 | |||
722 | <para> | ||
723 | Two kinds of mirrors exist: pre-mirrors and regular mirrors. | ||
724 | The <link linkend='var-PREMIRRORS'><filename>PREMIRRORS</filename></link> | ||
725 | and | ||
726 | <link linkend='var-MIRRORS'><filename>MIRRORS</filename></link> | ||
727 | variables point to these, respectively. | ||
728 | BitBake checks pre-mirrors before looking upstream for any | ||
729 | source files. | ||
730 | Pre-mirrors are appropriate when you have a shared directory | ||
731 | that is not a directory defined by the | ||
732 | <link linkend='var-DL_DIR'><filename>DL_DIR</filename></link> | ||
733 | variable. | ||
734 | A Pre-mirror typically points to a shared directory that is | ||
735 | local to your organization. | ||
736 | </para> | ||
737 | |||
738 | <para> | ||
739 | Regular mirrors can be any site across the Internet that is | ||
740 | used as an alternative location for source code should the | ||
741 | primary site not be functioning for some reason or another. | ||
742 | </para> | ||
743 | </section> | ||
744 | </section> | ||
745 | |||
746 | <section id='bitbake-dev-environment'> | ||
747 | <title>BitBake</title> | ||
748 | |||
749 | <para> | ||
750 | The OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to produce images. | ||
751 | You can see from the | ||
752 | <link linkend='a-closer-look-at-the-yocto-project-development-environment'>Yocto Project Development Environment</link> | ||
753 | figure, the BitBake area consists of several functional areas. | ||
754 | This section takes a closer look at each of those areas. | ||
755 | </para> | ||
756 | |||
757 | <section id='source-fetching-dev-environment'> | ||
758 | <title>Source Fetching</title> | ||
759 | |||
760 | <para> | ||
761 | The first stages of building a recipe are to fetch and unpack | ||
762 | the source code: | ||
763 | <imagedata fileref="figures/source-fetching.png" align="center" width="6.5in" depth="4in" /> | ||
764 | </para> | ||
765 | |||
766 | <para> | ||
767 | The <filename>do_fetch</filename> and | ||
768 | <filename>do_unpack</filename> tasks fetch the source files | ||
769 | and unpack them into a working directory. | ||
770 | By default, everything is accomplished in the | ||
771 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>, | ||
772 | which has a defined structure. | ||
773 | For additional general information on the Build Directory, | ||
774 | see the | ||
775 | "<link linkend='structure-core-build'><filename>build/</filename></link>" | ||
776 | section. | ||
777 | </para> | ||
778 | |||
779 | <para> | ||
780 | Unpacked source source files are pointed to by the | ||
781 | <link linkend='var-S'><filename>S</filename></link> variable. | ||
782 | Each recipe has an area in the Build Directory where the | ||
783 | unpacked source code resides. | ||
784 | The name of directory for any given recipe is defined from | ||
785 | several different variables. | ||
786 | You can see the variables that define these directories | ||
787 | by looking at the figure: | ||
788 | <itemizedlist> | ||
789 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-TMPDIR'><filename>TMPDIR</filename></link> | ||
790 | </para></listitem> | ||
791 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></link> | ||
792 | </para></listitem> | ||
793 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-TARGET_OS'><filename>TARGET_OS</filename></link> | ||
794 | </para></listitem> | ||
795 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PN'><filename>PN</filename></link> | ||
796 | </para></listitem> | ||
797 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PV'><filename>PV</filename></link> | ||
798 | </para></listitem> | ||
799 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PR'><filename>PR</filename></link> | ||
800 | </para></listitem> | ||
801 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-WORKDIR'><filename>WORKDIR</filename></link> | ||
802 | </para></listitem> | ||
803 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-S'><filename>S</filename></link> | ||
804 | </para></listitem> | ||
805 | </itemizedlist> | ||
806 | </para> | ||
807 | |||
808 | <para> | ||
809 | Briefly, the <filename>S</filename> directory contains the | ||
810 | unpacked source files for a recipe. | ||
811 | The <filename>WORKDIR</filename> directory is where all the | ||
812 | building goes on for a given recipe. | ||
813 | </para> | ||
814 | </section> | ||
815 | |||
816 | <section id='patching-dev-environment'> | ||
817 | <title>Patching</title> | ||
818 | |||
819 | <para> | ||
820 | Once source code is fetched and unpacked, BitBake locates | ||
821 | patch files and applies them to the source files: | ||
822 | <imagedata fileref="figures/patching.png" align="center" width="6in" depth="5in" /> | ||
823 | </para> | ||
824 | |||
825 | <para> | ||
826 | The <filename>do_patch</filename> task processes recipes by | ||
827 | using the | ||
828 | <link linkend='var-SRC_URI'><filename>SRC_URI</filename></link> | ||
829 | variable to locate applicable patch files, which by default | ||
830 | are <filename>*.patch</filename> or | ||
831 | <filename>*.diff</filename> files, or any file if | ||
832 | "apply=yes" is specified for the file in | ||
833 | <filename>SRC_URI</filename>. | ||
834 | </para> | ||
835 | |||
836 | <para> | ||
837 | BitBake finds and applies multiple patches for a single recipe | ||
838 | in the order in which it finds the patches. | ||
839 | Patches are applied to the recipe's source files located in the | ||
840 | <link linkend='var-S'><filename>S</filename></link> directory. | ||
841 | </para> | ||
842 | |||
843 | <para> | ||
844 | For more information on how the source directories are | ||
845 | created, see the | ||
846 | "<link linkend='source-fetching-dev-environment'>Source Fetching</link>" | ||
847 | section. | ||
848 | </para> | ||
849 | </section> | ||
850 | |||
851 | <section id='configuration-and-compilation-dev-environment'> | ||
852 | <title>Configuration and Compilation</title> | ||
853 | |||
854 | <para> | ||
855 | After source code is patched, BitBake executes tasks that | ||
856 | configure and compile the source code: | ||
857 | <imagedata fileref="figures/configuration-compile-autoreconf.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="5in" /> | ||
858 | </para> | ||
859 | |||
860 | <para> | ||
861 | This step in the build process consists of three tasks: | ||
862 | <itemizedlist> | ||
863 | <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>do_configure</filename>:</emphasis> | ||
864 | This task configures the source by enabling and | ||
865 | disabling any build-time and configuration options for | ||
866 | the software being built. | ||
867 | Configurations can come from the recipe itself as well | ||
868 | as from an inherited class. | ||
869 | Additionally, the software itself might configure itself | ||
870 | depending on the target for which it is being built. | ||
871 | </para> | ||
872 | |||
873 | <para>The configurations handled by the | ||
874 | <filename>do_configure</filename> task are specific | ||
875 | to source code configuration for the source code | ||
876 | being built by the recipe.</para> | ||
877 | |||
878 | <para>If you are using | ||
879 | <link linkend='ref-classes-autotools'><filename>autotools.bbclass</filename></link>, | ||
880 | you can add additional configuration options by using | ||
881 | the <link linkend='var-EXTRA_OECONF'><filename>EXTRA_OECONF</filename></link> | ||
882 | variable. | ||
883 | For information on how this variable works within | ||
884 | that class, see the | ||
885 | <filename>meta/classes/autotools.bbclass</filename>. | ||
886 | </para></listitem> | ||
887 | <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>do_compile</filename>:</emphasis> | ||
888 | Once a configuration task has been satisfied, BitBake | ||
889 | compiles the source using the | ||
890 | <filename>do_compile</filename> task. | ||
891 | Compilation occurs in the directory pointed to by the | ||
892 | <link linkend='var-B'><filename>B</filename></link> | ||
893 | variable. | ||
894 | Realize that the <filename>B</filename> directory, by | ||
895 | default, is the same as the | ||
896 | <link linkend='var-S'><filename>S</filename></link> | ||
897 | directory.</para></listitem> | ||
898 | <listitem><para><emphasis><filename>do_install</filename>:</emphasis> | ||
899 | Once compilation is done, BitBake executes the | ||
900 | <filename>do_install</filename> task. | ||
901 | This task copies files from the <filename>B</filename> | ||
902 | directory and places them in a holding area pointed to | ||
903 | by the | ||
904 | <link linkend='var-D'><filename>D</filename></link> | ||
905 | variable.</para></listitem> | ||
906 | </itemizedlist> | ||
907 | </para> | ||
908 | </section> | ||
909 | |||
910 | <section id='package-splitting-dev-environment'> | ||
911 | <title>Package Splitting</title> | ||
912 | |||
913 | <para> | ||
914 | After source code is configured and compiled, the | ||
915 | OpenEmbedded build system analyzes | ||
916 | the results and splits the output into packages: | ||
917 | <imagedata fileref="figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="7in" /> | ||
918 | </para> | ||
919 | |||
920 | <para> | ||
921 | The <filename>do_package</filename> and | ||
922 | <filename>do_packagedata</filename> tasks combine to analyze | ||
923 | the files found in the | ||
924 | <link linkend='var-D'><filename>D</filename></link> directory | ||
925 | and split them into subsets based on available packages and | ||
926 | files. | ||
927 | The analyzing process involves the following as well as other | ||
928 | items: splitting out debugging symbols, | ||
929 | looking at shared library dependencies between packages, | ||
930 | and looking at package relationships. | ||
931 | The <filename>do_packagedata</filename> task creates package | ||
932 | metadata based on the analysis such that the | ||
933 | OpenEmbedded build system can generate the final packages. | ||
934 | Working, staged, and intermediate results of the analysis | ||
935 | and package splitting process use these areas: | ||
936 | <itemizedlist> | ||
937 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PKGD'><filename>PKGD</filename></link> | ||
938 | </para></listitem> | ||
939 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PKGDATA_DIR'><filename>PKGDATA_DIR</filename></link> | ||
940 | </para></listitem> | ||
941 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PKGDESTWORK'><filename>PKGDESTWORK</filename></link> | ||
942 | </para></listitem> | ||
943 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-PKGDEST'><filename>PKGDEST</filename></link> | ||
944 | </para></listitem> | ||
945 | </itemizedlist> | ||
946 | The <link linkend='var-FILES'><filename>FILES</filename></link> | ||
947 | variable defines the files that go into each package in | ||
948 | <link linkend='var-PACKAGES'><filename>PACKAGES</filename></link>. | ||
949 | If you want details on how this is accomplished, you can | ||
950 | look at | ||
951 | <link linkend='ref-classes-package'><filename>package.bbclass</filename></link>. | ||
952 | </para> | ||
953 | |||
954 | <para> | ||
955 | Depending on the type of packages being created (RPM, DEB, or | ||
956 | IPK), the <filename>do_package_write_*</filename> task | ||
957 | creates the actual packages and places them in the | ||
958 | Package Feed area, which is | ||
959 | <filename>${TMPDIR}/deploy</filename>. | ||
960 | You can see the | ||
961 | "<link linkend='package-feeds-dev-environment'>Package Feeds</link>" | ||
962 | section for more detail on that part of the build process. | ||
963 | <note> | ||
964 | Support for creating feeds directly from the | ||
965 | <filename>deploy/*</filename> directories does not exist. | ||
966 | Creating such feeds usually requires some kind of feed | ||
967 | maintenance mechanism that would upload the new packages | ||
968 | into an official package feed (e.g. the | ||
969 | Ångström distribution). | ||
970 | This functionality is highly distribution-specific | ||
971 | and thus is not provided out of the box. | ||
972 | </note> | ||
973 | </para> | ||
974 | </section> | ||
975 | </section> | ||
976 | |||
977 | <section id="package-feeds-dev-environment"> | ||
978 | <title>Package Feeds</title> | ||
979 | |||
980 | <para> | ||
981 | When the OpenEmbedded build system generates an image or an SDK, | ||
982 | it gets the packages from a package feed area located in the | ||
983 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>. | ||
984 | The main | ||
985 | <link linkend='a-closer-look-at-the-yocto-project-development-environment'>Yocto Project Development Environment</link> | ||
986 | figure shows this package feeds area in the upper-right corner. | ||
987 | </para> | ||
988 | |||
989 | <para> | ||
990 | This section looks a little closer into the package feeds area used | ||
991 | by the build system. | ||
992 | Here is a more detailed look at the area: | ||
993 | <imagedata fileref="figures/package-feeds.png" align="center" width="7in" depth="6in" /> | ||
994 | </para> | ||
995 | |||
996 | <para> | ||
997 | Package feeds are an intermediary step in the build process. | ||
998 | BitBake generates packages whose type is defined by the | ||
999 | <link linkend='var-PACKAGE_CLASSES'><filename>PACKAGE_CLASSES</filename></link> | ||
1000 | variable. | ||
1001 | Before placing the packages into package feeds, | ||
1002 | the build process validates them with generated output quality | ||
1003 | assurance checks through the | ||
1004 | <link linkend='ref-classes-insane'><filename>insane.bbclass</filename></link> | ||
1005 | class. | ||
1006 | </para> | ||
1007 | |||
1008 | <para> | ||
1009 | The package feed area resides in | ||
1010 | <filename>tmp/deploy</filename> of the Build Directory. | ||
1011 | Folders are created that correspond to the package type | ||
1012 | (IPK, DEB, or RPM) created. | ||
1013 | Further organization is derived through the value of the | ||
1014 | <link linkend='var-PACKAGE_ARCH'><filename>PACKAGE_ARCH</filename></link> | ||
1015 | variable for each package. | ||
1016 | For example, packages can exist for the i586 or qemux86 | ||
1017 | architectures. | ||
1018 | The package files themselves reside within the appropriate | ||
1019 | architecture folder. | ||
1020 | </para> | ||
1021 | |||
1022 | <para> | ||
1023 | BitBake uses the <filename>do_package_write_*</filename> task to | ||
1024 | place generated packages into the package holding area (e.g. | ||
1025 | <filename>do_package_write_ipk</filename> for IPK packages). | ||
1026 | </para> | ||
1027 | </section> | ||
1028 | |||
1029 | <section id='images-dev-environment'> | ||
1030 | <title>Images</title> | ||
1031 | |||
1032 | <para> | ||
1033 | The images produced by the OpenEmbedded build system | ||
1034 | are compressed forms of the | ||
1035 | root filesystems that are ready to boot on a target device. | ||
1036 | You can see from the main | ||
1037 | <link linkend='a-closer-look-at-the-yocto-project-development-environment'>Yocto Project Development Environment</link> | ||
1038 | figure that BitBake output in part consists of images. | ||
1039 | This section is going to look more closely at this output: | ||
1040 | <imagedata fileref="figures/images.png" align="center" width="6in" depth="5in" /> | ||
1041 | </para> | ||
1042 | |||
1043 | <para> | ||
1044 | For a list of example images that the Yocto Project provides, | ||
1045 | the | ||
1046 | "<link linkend='ref-images'>Images</link>" chapter. | ||
1047 | </para> | ||
1048 | |||
1049 | <para> | ||
1050 | Images are written out to the | ||
1051 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink> | ||
1052 | inside the <filename>deploy/images</filename> folder as shown | ||
1053 | in the figure. | ||
1054 | This folder contains any files expected to be loaded on the | ||
1055 | target device. | ||
1056 | The | ||
1057 | <link linkend='var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></link> | ||
1058 | variable points to the <filename>deploy</filename> directory. | ||
1059 | <itemizedlist> | ||
1060 | <listitem><para><filename><kernel-image></filename>: | ||
1061 | A kernel binary file. | ||
1062 | The <link linkend='var-KERNEL_IMAGETYPE'><filename>KERNEL_IMAGETYPE</filename></link> | ||
1063 | variable setting determines the naming scheme for the | ||
1064 | kernel image file. | ||
1065 | Depending on that variable, the file could begin with | ||
1066 | a variety of naming strings. | ||
1067 | The <filename>deploy/images</filename> directory can | ||
1068 | contain multiple image files.</para></listitem> | ||
1069 | <listitem><para><filename><root-filesystem-image></filename>: | ||
1070 | Root filesystems for the target device (e.g. | ||
1071 | <filename>*.ext3</filename> or <filename>*.bz2</filename> | ||
1072 | files). | ||
1073 | The <link linkend='var-IMAGE_FSTYPES'><filename>IMAGE_FSTYPES</filename></link> | ||
1074 | variable setting determines the root filesystem image | ||
1075 | type. | ||
1076 | The <filename>deploy/images</filename> directory can | ||
1077 | contain multiple root filesystems.</para></listitem> | ||
1078 | <listitem><para><filename><kernel-modules></filename>: | ||
1079 | Tarballs that contain all the modules built for the kernel. | ||
1080 | Kernel module tarballs exist for legacy purposes and | ||
1081 | can be suppressed by setting the | ||
1082 | <link linkend='var-MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY'><filename>MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY</filename></link> | ||
1083 | variable to "0". | ||
1084 | The <filename>deploy/images</filename> directory can | ||
1085 | contain multiple kernel module tarballs. | ||
1086 | </para></listitem> | ||
1087 | <listitem><para><filename><bootloaders></filename>: | ||
1088 | Bootloaders supporting the image, if applicable to the | ||
1089 | target machine. | ||
1090 | The <filename>deploy/images</filename> directory can | ||
1091 | contain multiple bootloaders. | ||
1092 | </para></listitem> | ||
1093 | <listitem><para><filename><symlinks></filename>: | ||
1094 | The <filename>deploy/images</filename> folder contains | ||
1095 | a symbolic link that points to the most recently built file | ||
1096 | for each machine. | ||
1097 | These links might be useful for external scripts that | ||
1098 | need to obtain the latest version of each file. | ||
1099 | </para></listitem> | ||
1100 | </itemizedlist> | ||
1101 | </para> | ||
1102 | </section> | ||
1103 | |||
1104 | <section id='sdk-dev-environment'> | ||
1105 | <title>Application Development SDK</title> | ||
1106 | |||
1107 | <para> | ||
1108 | In the overview figure of the | ||
1109 | <link linkend='a-closer-look-at-the-yocto-project-development-environment'>Yocto Project Development Environment</link> | ||
1110 | the output labeled "Application Development SDK" represents an | ||
1111 | SDK. | ||
1112 | This section is going to take a closer look at this output: | ||
1113 | <imagedata fileref="figures/sdk.png" align="center" width="5in" depth="4in" /> | ||
1114 | </para> | ||
1115 | |||
1116 | <para> | ||
1117 | The specific form of this output is a self-extracting | ||
1118 | SDK installer (<filename>*.sh</filename>) that, when run, | ||
1119 | installs the SDK, which consists of a cross-development | ||
1120 | toolchain, a set of libraries and headers, and an SDK | ||
1121 | environment setup script. | ||
1122 | Running this installer essentially sets up your | ||
1123 | cross-development environment. | ||
1124 | You can think of the cross-toolchain as the "host" | ||
1125 | part because it runs on the SDK machine. | ||
1126 | You can think of the libraries and headers as the "target" | ||
1127 | part because they are built for the target hardware. | ||
1128 | The setup script is added so that you can initialize the | ||
1129 | environment before using the tools. | ||
1130 | </para> | ||
1131 | |||
1132 | <note> | ||
1133 | <para> | ||
1134 | The Yocto Project supports several methods by which you can | ||
1135 | set up this cross-development environment. | ||
1136 | These methods include downloading pre-built SDK installers, | ||
1137 | building and installing your own SDK installer, or running | ||
1138 | an Application Development Toolkit (ADT) installer to | ||
1139 | install not just cross-development toolchains | ||
1140 | but also additional tools to help in this type of | ||
1141 | development. | ||
1142 | </para> | ||
1143 | |||
1144 | <para> | ||
1145 | For background information on cross-development toolchains | ||
1146 | in the Yocto Project development environment, see the | ||
1147 | "<link linkend='cross-development-toolchain-generation'>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</link>" | ||
1148 | section. | ||
1149 | For information on setting up a cross-development | ||
1150 | environment, see the | ||
1151 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_ADT_URL;#installing-the-adt'>Installing the ADT and Toolchains</ulink>" | ||
1152 | section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. | ||
1153 | </para> | ||
1154 | </note> | ||
1155 | |||
1156 | <para> | ||
1157 | Once built, the SDK installers are written out to the | ||
1158 | <filename>deploy/sdk</filename> folder inside the | ||
1159 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink> | ||
1160 | as shown in the figure at the beginning of this section. | ||
1161 | Several variables exist that help configure these files: | ||
1162 | <itemizedlist> | ||
1163 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-DEPLOY_DIR'><filename>DEPLOY_DIR</filename></link>: | ||
1164 | Points to the <filename>deploy</filename> | ||
1165 | directory.</para></listitem> | ||
1166 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-SDKMACHINE'><filename>SDKMACHINE</filename></link>: | ||
1167 | Specifies the architecture of the machine | ||
1168 | on which the cross-development tools are run to | ||
1169 | create packages for the target hardware. | ||
1170 | </para></listitem> | ||
1171 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-SDKIMAGE_FEATURES'><filename>SDKIMAGE_FEATURES</filename></link>: | ||
1172 | Lists the features to include in the "target" part | ||
1173 | of the SDK. | ||
1174 | </para></listitem> | ||
1175 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK'><filename>TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK</filename></link>: | ||
1176 | Lists packages that make up the host | ||
1177 | part of the SDK (i.e. the part that runs on | ||
1178 | the <filename>SDKMACHINE</filename>). | ||
1179 | When you use | ||
1180 | <filename>bitbake -c populate_sdk <imagename></filename> | ||
1181 | to create the SDK, a set of default packages | ||
1182 | apply. | ||
1183 | This variable allows you to add more packages. | ||
1184 | </para></listitem> | ||
1185 | <listitem><para><link linkend='var-TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK'><filename>TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK</filename></link>: | ||
1186 | Lists packages that make up the target part | ||
1187 | of the SDK (i.e. the part built for the | ||
1188 | target hardware). | ||
1189 | </para></listitem> | ||
1190 | </itemizedlist> | ||
1191 | </para> | ||
1192 | </section> | ||
1193 | </section> | ||
1194 | |||
1195 | <section id="cross-development-toolchain-generation"> | 156 | <section id="cross-development-toolchain-generation"> |
1196 | <title>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</title> | 157 | <title>Cross-Development Toolchain Generation</title> |
1197 | 158 | ||