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1 | <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" | ||
2 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" | ||
3 | [<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] > | ||
4 | |||
5 | <chapter id='dev-manual-start'> | ||
6 | |||
7 | <title>Getting Started with the Yocto Project</title> | ||
8 | |||
9 | <para> | ||
10 | This chapter introduces the Yocto Project and gives you an idea of what you need to get started. | ||
11 | You can find enough information to set up your development host and build or use images for | ||
12 | hardware supported by the Yocto Project by reading the | ||
13 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;'>Yocto Project Quick Start</ulink>. | ||
14 | </para> | ||
15 | |||
16 | <para> | ||
17 | The remainder of this chapter summarizes what is in the Yocto Project Quick Start and provides | ||
18 | some higher-level concepts you might want to consider. | ||
19 | </para> | ||
20 | |||
21 | <section id='introducing-the-yocto-project'> | ||
22 | <title>Introducing the Yocto Project</title> | ||
23 | |||
24 | <para> | ||
25 | The Yocto Project is an open-source collaboration project focused on embedded Linux development. | ||
26 | The project currently provides a build system that is | ||
27 | referred to as the | ||
28 | <link linkend='build-system-term'>OpenEmbedded build system</link> | ||
29 | in the Yocto Project documentation. | ||
30 | The Yocto Project provides various ancillary tools for the embedded developer | ||
31 | and also features the Sato reference User Interface, which is optimized for | ||
32 | stylus driven, low-resolution screens. | ||
33 | </para> | ||
34 | |||
35 | <para> | ||
36 | You can use the OpenEmbedded build system, which uses | ||
37 | <link linkend='bitbake-term'>BitBake</link>, to develop complete Linux | ||
38 | images and associated user-space applications for architectures based | ||
39 | on ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, x86 and x86-64. | ||
40 | <note> | ||
41 | By default, using the Yocto Project creates a Poky distribution. | ||
42 | However, you can create your own distribution by providing key | ||
43 | <link linkend='metadata'>Metadata</link>. | ||
44 | See the "<link linkend='creating-your-own-distribution'>Creating Your Own Distribution</link>" | ||
45 | section for more information. | ||
46 | </note> | ||
47 | While the Yocto Project does not provide a strict testing framework, | ||
48 | it does provide or generate for you artifacts that let you perform target-level and | ||
49 | emulated testing and debugging. | ||
50 | Additionally, if you are an <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark> | ||
51 | IDE user, you can install an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to allow you to | ||
52 | develop within that familiar environment. | ||
53 | </para> | ||
54 | </section> | ||
55 | |||
56 | <section id='getting-setup'> | ||
57 | <title>Getting Set Up</title> | ||
58 | |||
59 | <para> | ||
60 | Here is what you need to use the Yocto Project: | ||
61 | <itemizedlist> | ||
62 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Host System:</emphasis> You should have a reasonably current | ||
63 | Linux-based host system. | ||
64 | You will have the best results with a recent release of Fedora, | ||
65 | openSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, or CentOS as these releases are frequently tested against the Yocto Project | ||
66 | and officially supported. | ||
67 | For a list of the distributions under validation and their status, see the | ||
68 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#detailed-supported-distros'>Supported Linux Distributions</ulink>" section | ||
69 | in the Yocto Project Reference Manual and the wiki page at | ||
70 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Distribution_Support'>Distribution Support</ulink>.</para> | ||
71 | <para> | ||
72 | You should also have about 50 Gbytes of free disk space for building images. | ||
73 | </para></listitem> | ||
74 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Packages:</emphasis> The OpenEmbedded build system | ||
75 | requires that certain packages exist on your development system (e.g. Python 2.6 or 2.7). | ||
76 | See "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#packages'>The Packages</ulink>" | ||
77 | section in the Yocto Project Quick Start and the | ||
78 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#required-packages-for-the-host-development-system'>Required Packages for the Host Development System</ulink>" | ||
79 | section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for the exact | ||
80 | package requirements and the installation commands to install | ||
81 | them for the supported distributions. | ||
82 | </para></listitem> | ||
83 | <listitem id='local-yp-release'><para><emphasis>Yocto Project Release:</emphasis> | ||
84 | You need a release of the Yocto Project locally installed on | ||
85 | your development system. | ||
86 | The documentation refers to this set of locally installed files | ||
87 | as the <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link>. | ||
88 | You create your Source Directory by using | ||
89 | <link linkend='git'>Git</link> to clone a local copy | ||
90 | of the upstream <filename>poky</filename> repository, | ||
91 | or by downloading and unpacking a tarball of an official | ||
92 | Yocto Project release. | ||
93 | The preferred method is to create a clone of the repository. | ||
94 | </para> | ||
95 | <para>Working from a copy of the upstream repository allows you | ||
96 | to contribute back into the Yocto Project or simply work with | ||
97 | the latest software on a development branch. | ||
98 | Because Git maintains and creates an upstream repository with | ||
99 | a complete history of changes and you are working with a local | ||
100 | clone of that repository, you have access to all the Yocto | ||
101 | Project development branches and tag names used in the upstream | ||
102 | repository.</para> | ||
103 | <note>You can view the Yocto Project Source Repositories at | ||
104 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi'></ulink> | ||
105 | </note> | ||
106 | <para>The following transcript shows how to clone the | ||
107 | <filename>poky</filename> Git repository into the current | ||
108 | working directory. | ||
109 | The command creates the local repository in a directory | ||
110 | named <filename>poky</filename>. | ||
111 | For information on Git used within the Yocto Project, see | ||
112 | the "<link linkend='git'>Git</link>" section. | ||
113 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
114 | $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky | ||
115 | Cloning into 'poky'... | ||
116 | remote: Counting objects: 226790, done. | ||
117 | remote: Compressing objects: 100% (57465/57465), done. | ||
118 | remote: Total 226790 (delta 165212), reused 225887 (delta 164327) | ||
119 | Receiving objects: 100% (226790/226790), 100.98 MiB | 263 KiB/s, done. | ||
120 | Resolving deltas: 100% (165212/165212), done. | ||
121 | </literallayout></para> | ||
122 | <para>For another example of how to set up your own local Git | ||
123 | repositories, see this | ||
124 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Transcript:_from_git_checkout_to_meta-intel_BSP'> | ||
125 | wiki page</ulink>, which describes how to create local | ||
126 | Git repositories for both | ||
127 | <filename>poky</filename> and <filename>meta-intel</filename>. | ||
128 | </para></listitem> | ||
129 | <listitem id='local-kernel-files'><para><emphasis>Yocto Project Kernel:</emphasis> | ||
130 | If you are going to be making modifications to a supported Yocto Project kernel, you | ||
131 | need to establish local copies of the source. | ||
132 | You can find Git repositories of supported Yocto Project kernels organized under | ||
133 | "Yocto Linux Kernel" in the Yocto Project Source Repositories at | ||
134 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi'></ulink>.</para> | ||
135 | <para>This setup can involve creating a bare clone of the Yocto Project kernel and then | ||
136 | copying that cloned repository. | ||
137 | You can create the bare clone and the copy of the bare clone anywhere you like. | ||
138 | For simplicity, it is recommended that you create these structures outside of the | ||
139 | Source Directory, which is usually named <filename>poky</filename>.</para> | ||
140 | <para>As an example, the following transcript shows how to create the bare clone | ||
141 | of the <filename>linux-yocto-3.10</filename> kernel and then create a copy of | ||
142 | that clone. | ||
143 | <note>When you have a local Yocto Project kernel Git repository, you can | ||
144 | reference that repository rather than the upstream Git repository as | ||
145 | part of the <filename>clone</filename> command. | ||
146 | Doing so can speed up the process.</note></para> | ||
147 | <para>In the following example, the bare clone is named | ||
148 | <filename>linux-yocto-3.10.git</filename>, while the | ||
149 | copy is named <filename>my-linux-yocto-3.10-work</filename>: | ||
150 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
151 | $ git clone --bare git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-3.10 linux-yocto-3.10.git | ||
152 | Cloning into bare repository 'linux-yocto-3.10.git'... | ||
153 | remote: Counting objects: 3364487, done. | ||
154 | remote: Compressing objects: 100% (507178/507178), done. | ||
155 | remote: Total 3364487 (delta 2827715), reused 3364481 (delta 2827709) | ||
156 | Receiving objects: 100% (3364487/3364487), 722.95 MiB | 423 KiB/s, done. | ||
157 | Resolving deltas: 100% (2827715/2827715), done. | ||
158 | </literallayout></para> | ||
159 | <para>Now create a clone of the bare clone just created: | ||
160 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
161 | $ git clone linux-yocto-3.10.git my-linux-yocto-3.10-work | ||
162 | Cloning into 'my-linux-yocto-3.10-work'... | ||
163 | done. | ||
164 | </literallayout></para></listitem> | ||
165 | <listitem id='meta-yocto-kernel-extras-repo'><para><emphasis> | ||
166 | The <filename>meta-yocto-kernel-extras</filename> Git Repository</emphasis>: | ||
167 | The <filename>meta-yocto-kernel-extras</filename> Git repository contains Metadata needed | ||
168 | only if you are modifying and building the kernel image. | ||
169 | In particular, it contains the kernel BitBake append (<filename>.bbappend</filename>) | ||
170 | files that you | ||
171 | edit to point to your locally modified kernel source files and to build the kernel | ||
172 | image. | ||
173 | Pointing to these local files is much more efficient than requiring a download of the | ||
174 | kernel's source files from upstream each time you make changes to the kernel.</para> | ||
175 | <para>You can find the <filename>meta-yocto-kernel-extras</filename> Git Repository in the | ||
176 | "Yocto Metadata Layers" area of the Yocto Project Source Repositories at | ||
177 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi'></ulink>. | ||
178 | It is good practice to create this Git repository inside the Source Directory.</para> | ||
179 | <para>Following is an example that creates the <filename>meta-yocto-kernel-extras</filename> Git | ||
180 | repository inside the Source Directory, which is named <filename>poky</filename> | ||
181 | in this case: | ||
182 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
183 | $ cd ~/poky | ||
184 | $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-yocto-kernel-extras meta-yocto-kernel-extras | ||
185 | Cloning into 'meta-yocto-kernel-extras'... | ||
186 | remote: Counting objects: 727, done. | ||
187 | remote: Compressing objects: 100% (452/452), done. | ||
188 | remote: Total 727 (delta 260), reused 719 (delta 252) | ||
189 | Receiving objects: 100% (727/727), 536.36 KiB | 240 KiB/s, done. | ||
190 | Resolving deltas: 100% (260/260), done. | ||
191 | </literallayout></para></listitem> | ||
192 | <listitem><para id='supported-board-support-packages-(bsps)'><emphasis>Supported Board Support Packages (BSPs):</emphasis> | ||
193 | The Yocto Project supports many BSPs, which are maintained in | ||
194 | their own layers or in layers designed to contain several | ||
195 | BSPs. | ||
196 | To get an idea of machine support through BSP layers, you can | ||
197 | look at the | ||
198 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_RELEASE_DL_URL;/machines'>index of machines</ulink> | ||
199 | for the release.</para> | ||
200 | |||
201 | <para>The Yocto Project uses the following BSP layer naming | ||
202 | scheme: | ||
203 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
204 | meta-<replaceable>bsp_name</replaceable> | ||
205 | </literallayout> | ||
206 | where <replaceable>bsp_name</replaceable> is the recognized | ||
207 | BSP name. | ||
208 | Here are some examples: | ||
209 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
210 | meta-crownbay | ||
211 | meta-emenlow | ||
212 | meta-n450 | ||
213 | </literallayout> | ||
214 | See the | ||
215 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</ulink>" | ||
216 | section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) | ||
217 | Developer's Guide for more information on BSP Layers.</para> | ||
218 | |||
219 | <para>A useful Git repository released with the Yocto | ||
220 | Project is <filename>meta-intel</filename>, which is a | ||
221 | parent layer that contains many supported | ||
222 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BSP_URL;#bsp-layers'>BSP Layers</ulink>. | ||
223 | You can locate the <filename>meta-intel</filename> Git | ||
224 | repository in the "Yocto Metadata Layers" area of the Yocto | ||
225 | Project Source Repositories at | ||
226 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi'></ulink>.</para> | ||
227 | |||
228 | <para>Using | ||
229 | <link linkend='git'>Git</link> to create a local clone of the | ||
230 | upstream repository can be helpful if you are working with | ||
231 | BSPs. | ||
232 | Typically, you set up the <filename>meta-intel</filename> | ||
233 | Git repository inside the Source Directory. | ||
234 | For example, the following transcript shows the steps to clone | ||
235 | <filename>meta-intel</filename>. | ||
236 | <note> | ||
237 | Be sure to work in the <filename>meta-intel</filename> | ||
238 | branch that matches your | ||
239 | <link linkend='source-directory'>Source Directory</link> | ||
240 | (i.e. <filename>poky</filename>) branch. | ||
241 | For example, if you have checked out the "master" branch | ||
242 | of <filename>poky</filename> and you are going to use | ||
243 | <filename>meta-intel</filename>, be sure to checkout the | ||
244 | "master" branch of <filename>meta-intel</filename>. | ||
245 | </note> | ||
246 | <literallayout class='monospaced'> | ||
247 | $ cd ~/poky | ||
248 | $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-intel.git | ||
249 | Cloning into 'meta-intel'... | ||
250 | remote: Counting objects: 8844, done. | ||
251 | remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2864/2864), done. | ||
252 | remote: Total 8844 (delta 4931), reused 8780 (delta 4867) | ||
253 | Receiving objects: 100% (8844/8844), 2.48 MiB | 264 KiB/s, done. | ||
254 | Resolving deltas: 100% (4931/4931), done. | ||
255 | </literallayout></para> | ||
256 | |||
257 | <para>The same | ||
258 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_WIKI_URL;/wiki/Transcript:_from_git_checkout_to_meta-intel_BSP'>wiki page</ulink> | ||
259 | referenced earlier covers how to set up the | ||
260 | <filename>meta-intel</filename> Git repository. | ||
261 | </para></listitem> | ||
262 | <listitem><para><emphasis>Eclipse Yocto Plug-in:</emphasis> If you are developing | ||
263 | applications using the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE), | ||
264 | you will need this plug-in. | ||
265 | See the | ||
266 | "<link linkend='setting-up-the-eclipse-ide'>Setting up the Eclipse IDE</link>" | ||
267 | section for more information.</para></listitem> | ||
268 | </itemizedlist> | ||
269 | </para> | ||
270 | </section> | ||
271 | |||
272 | <section id='building-images'> | ||
273 | <title>Building Images</title> | ||
274 | |||
275 | <para> | ||
276 | The build process creates an entire Linux distribution, including the toolchain, from source. | ||
277 | For more information on this topic, see the | ||
278 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#building-image'>Building an Image</ulink>" | ||
279 | section in the Yocto Project Quick Start. | ||
280 | </para> | ||
281 | |||
282 | <para> | ||
283 | The build process is as follows: | ||
284 | <orderedlist> | ||
285 | <listitem><para>Make sure you have set up the Source Directory described in the | ||
286 | previous section.</para></listitem> | ||
287 | <listitem><para>Initialize the build environment by sourcing a build | ||
288 | environment script (i.e. | ||
289 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-core-script'><filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename></ulink> | ||
290 | or | ||
291 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#structure-memres-core-script'><filename>oe-init-build-env-memres</filename></ulink>). | ||
292 | </para></listitem> | ||
293 | <listitem><para>Optionally ensure the <filename>conf/local.conf</filename> configuration file, | ||
294 | which is found in the | ||
295 | <link linkend='build-directory'>Build Directory</link>, | ||
296 | is set up how you want it. | ||
297 | This file defines many aspects of the build environment including | ||
298 | the target machine architecture through the | ||
299 | <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-MACHINE'>MACHINE</ulink></filename> variable, | ||
300 | the development machine's processor use through the | ||
301 | <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-BB_NUMBER_THREADS'>BB_NUMBER_THREADS</ulink></filename> and | ||
302 | <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-PARALLEL_MAKE'>PARALLEL_MAKE</ulink></filename> variables, and | ||
303 | a centralized tarball download directory through the | ||
304 | <filename><ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-DL_DIR'>DL_DIR</ulink></filename> variable.</para></listitem> | ||
305 | <listitem><para> | ||
306 | Build the image using the <filename>bitbake</filename> command. | ||
307 | If you want information on BitBake, see the | ||
308 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_BB_URL;'>BitBake User Manual</ulink>. | ||
309 | </para></listitem> | ||
310 | <listitem><para>Run the image either on the actual hardware or using the QEMU | ||
311 | emulator.</para></listitem> | ||
312 | </orderedlist> | ||
313 | </para> | ||
314 | </section> | ||
315 | |||
316 | <section id='using-pre-built-binaries-and-qemu'> | ||
317 | <title>Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU</title> | ||
318 | |||
319 | <para> | ||
320 | Another option you have to get started is to use pre-built binaries. | ||
321 | The Yocto Project provides many types of binaries with each release. | ||
322 | See the "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#ref-images'>Images</ulink>" | ||
323 | chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual | ||
324 | for descriptions of the types of binaries that ship with a Yocto Project | ||
325 | release. | ||
326 | </para> | ||
327 | |||
328 | <para> | ||
329 | Using a pre-built binary is ideal for developing software applications to run on your | ||
330 | target hardware. | ||
331 | To do this, you need to be able to access the appropriate cross-toolchain tarball for | ||
332 | the architecture on which you are developing. | ||
333 | If you are using an SDK type image, the image ships with the complete toolchain native to | ||
334 | the architecture. | ||
335 | If you are not using an SDK type image, you need to separately download and | ||
336 | install the stand-alone Yocto Project cross-toolchain tarball. | ||
337 | </para> | ||
338 | |||
339 | <para> | ||
340 | Regardless of the type of image you are using, you need to download the pre-built kernel | ||
341 | that you will boot in the QEMU emulator and then download and extract the target root | ||
342 | filesystem for your target machine’s architecture. | ||
343 | You can get architecture-specific binaries and file systems from | ||
344 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_MACHINES_DL_URL;'>machines</ulink>. | ||
345 | You can get installation scripts for stand-alone toolchains from | ||
346 | <ulink url='&YOCTO_TOOLCHAIN_DL_URL;'>toolchains</ulink>. | ||
347 | Once you have all your files, you set up the environment to emulate the hardware | ||
348 | by sourcing an environment setup script. | ||
349 | Finally, you start the QEMU emulator. | ||
350 | You can find details on all these steps in the | ||
351 | "<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_QS_URL;#using-pre-built'>Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU</ulink>" | ||
352 | section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. | ||
353 | You can learn more about using QEMU with the Yocto Project in the | ||
354 | "<link linkend='dev-manual-qemu'>Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)</link>" | ||
355 | section. | ||
356 | </para> | ||
357 | |||
358 | <para> | ||
359 | Using QEMU to emulate your hardware can result in speed issues | ||
360 | depending on the target and host architecture mix. | ||
361 | For example, using the <filename>qemux86</filename> image in the emulator | ||
362 | on an Intel-based 32-bit (x86) host machine is fast because the target and | ||
363 | host architectures match. | ||
364 | On the other hand, using the <filename>qemuarm</filename> image on the same Intel-based | ||
365 | host can be slower. | ||
366 | But, you still achieve faithful emulation of ARM-specific issues. | ||
367 | </para> | ||
368 | |||
369 | <para> | ||
370 | To speed things up, the QEMU images support using <filename>distcc</filename> | ||
371 | to call a cross-compiler outside the emulated system. | ||
372 | If you used <filename>runqemu</filename> to start QEMU, and the | ||
373 | <filename>distccd</filename> application is present on the host system, any | ||
374 | BitBake cross-compiling toolchain available from the build system is automatically | ||
375 | used from within QEMU simply by calling <filename>distcc</filename>. | ||
376 | You can accomplish this by defining the cross-compiler variable | ||
377 | (e.g. <filename>export CC="distcc"</filename>). | ||
378 | Alternatively, if you are using a suitable SDK image or the appropriate | ||
379 | stand-alone toolchain is present, | ||
380 | the toolchain is also automatically used. | ||
381 | </para> | ||
382 | |||
383 | <note> | ||
384 | Several mechanisms exist that let you connect to the system running on the | ||
385 | QEMU emulator: | ||
386 | <itemizedlist> | ||
387 | <listitem><para>QEMU provides a framebuffer interface that makes standard | ||
388 | consoles available.</para></listitem> | ||
389 | <listitem><para>Generally, headless embedded devices have a serial port. | ||
390 | If so, you can configure the operating system of the running image | ||
391 | to use that port to run a console. | ||
392 | The connection uses standard IP networking.</para></listitem> | ||
393 | <listitem><para> | ||
394 | SSH servers exist in some QEMU images. | ||
395 | The <filename>core-image-sato</filename> QEMU image has a | ||
396 | Dropbear secure shell (SSH) server that runs with the root | ||
397 | password disabled. | ||
398 | The <filename>core-image-full-cmdline</filename> and | ||
399 | <filename>core-image-lsb</filename> QEMU images | ||
400 | have OpenSSH instead of Dropbear. | ||
401 | Including these SSH servers allow you to use standard | ||
402 | <filename>ssh</filename> and <filename>scp</filename> commands. | ||
403 | The <filename>core-image-minimal</filename> QEMU image, | ||
404 | however, contains no SSH server. | ||
405 | </para></listitem> | ||
406 | <listitem><para>You can use a provided, user-space NFS server to boot the QEMU session | ||
407 | using a local copy of the root filesystem on the host. | ||
408 | In order to make this connection, you must extract a root filesystem tarball by using the | ||
409 | <filename>runqemu-extract-sdk</filename> command. | ||
410 | After running the command, you must then point the <filename>runqemu</filename> | ||
411 | script to the extracted directory instead of a root filesystem image file.</para></listitem> | ||
412 | </itemizedlist> | ||
413 | </note> | ||
414 | </section> | ||
415 | </chapter> | ||
416 | <!-- | ||
417 | vim: expandtab tw=80 ts=4 | ||
418 | --> | ||